The Temryuk Historical and Archaeological Museum, one of the oldest in the Krasnodar Krai, was founded on August 25, 1920. The creation of the museum was initiated by the city's teachers, led by local historian and researcher of the Taman Peninsula, Sergey Frantsevich Voitsekhovsky. Initially, the museum was called the Natural-Pedagogical Museum, and from 1924 it became a local history museum, quickly taking leading positions among the cultural institutions of the city and region.

The museum attracted lovers of history, local lore, and nature of Taman. In addition to open exhibitions, interest groups operated here: geological, archaeological, and astronomical, where participants could observe the stars through a telescope installed in a special tower. The museum's collections were replenished thanks to expeditions to the stanitsas and fields of the Taman Peninsula, led by S.F. Voitsekhovsky. By the early 1930s, the museum's funds numbered about 15,000 exhibits, among which the archaeological collection and a collection of paintings, including works by itinerant artists, stood out. After Voitsekhovsky's death in 1931, his student B.L. Kasyanov headed the institution until the early 1950s.

During the occupation in World War II, the museum suffered greatly: the collection of Greek pottery and bronze was looted, and the scientific library and art gallery were destroyed. The damage amounted to about 9 million rubles, but some exhibits were saved thanks to the city's residents and teacher V.A. Shmelev. After the city was liberated in 1943, the restoration of the museum began, which reopened in May 1945. Gradually, the collections, library, and documentary fund were restored, and archaeological excavations in Taman provided the museum with new finds.

In the 1960s, a hall of nature and the history of the Kuban Cossacks appeared in the museum, and in the early 1980s, a re-exposition of all halls was conducted. In 1979, the museum became a branch of the Krasnodar State Historical and Archaeological Museum-Reserve named after Felitsyn, and in 1983, it was given one of the oldest buildings in the city, a former pharmacy from the late 19th century. The museum is located in this building to this day, preserving its architectural appearance.

The museum's exhibition is presented in four halls, and the fifth hall, an exhibition hall, is dedicated to the theme "Temryuk, the Port City."