The museum is located in the northern wing of the former Mariinsky hospital for the poor, built in 1806 by architects I. Zhilyardi and A. Mikhailov based on a design by D. Quarenghi in the style of late Russian classicism. In this building lived the family of doctor M. A. Dostoevsky, the father of the famous writer.

In the apartment on Novaya Bozhedomka, which has borne Dostoevsky's name since 1954, Fyodor Mikhailovich lived from 1823 to 1837. Notably, the space has retained its original appearance: the walls, stoves, and ceilings remain as they were during the writer's lifetime.

The historical interior was restored in 1980 based on the memories of the writer's younger brother, A. M. Dostoevsky, who left a detailed description of the apartment, including drawings. Among the exhibits, one can see an oval table, a bookcase, portraits of parents and ancestors, as well as bronze candlesticks from A. M. Dostoevsky's collection.

The exhibition "The World of Dostoevsky" features a sofa purchased by Fyodor Mikhailovich in 1866 in Moscow, a writing desk from his last apartment, an inkwell, glasses, a Gospel presented to him by the wives of the Decembrists in 1850, business cards, a box of cigarette tubes, and a copy of the bookcase made on the order of A. G. Dostoevskaya for the "Museum of the Memory of F. M. Dostoevsky" in 1913.

The F. M. Dostoevsky Museum-Apartment is part of the State Museum of the History of Russian Literature named after V. I. Dal.