The Kursk State Regional Museum of Archaeology was founded in 1991 as a branch of the Kursk Regional Local History Museum. On August 12, 1993, it received the status of a state regional museum, which is considered the official date of its establishment.

Until 1993, the museum was located in the building of the Lower Trinity Church, occupying its first floor. The first director was Nikolai Alekseevich Tikhomirov, and since 1994, the leadership has been under Gennady Yurievich Starodubtsev.

In June 2011, the museum's project titled "The Gold of the Huns" won in the VIII Grant Competition "The Changing Museum in a Changing World," organized by the V. Potanin Charitable Foundation with the support of the Ministry of Culture of the Russian Federation and managed by the Association of Cultural Managers.

The museum is currently located in the only surviving secular building in Kursk from the mid-18th century, designed in the architectural style of Moscow Rus of the 16th-18th centuries, known as the merchant Kloponin's house or the "Palaces of Romodanovskys." The museum's permanent exhibition is housed in seven halls and covers various periods of the history of the Kursk region, from the Stone Age to the developed Middle Ages.

The museum's collections include tools, ceramics, women's jewelry, sculptures, weapons and military equipment, as well as household and domestic utensils, coins. The collection is supplemented by numerous photographs and drawings created during the field documentation of finds.