Founded in 1765 by Old Believers who settled in Starodub after the destruction of the Old Believers' center in the village of Vetka, Klimovsky Pokrovsky Monastery became an important religious center. At that time, a wooden Church of the Intercession, brought from Vetka, was established here, around which the monastery emerged.

The monastery received official status on April 22, 1768, when the provincial office issued the corresponding order. Soon it became known as the "Lavra of All Russia," being among the settlements of Old Believers.

Until the 19th century, all the buildings of the monastery were wooden. At the center stood the Intercession Church, to which a warm Nikolsky Church, resembling a refectory, was added in 1772. Nearby were the cells, the abbot's house, and the almshouse, surrounded by a fence.

On January 3, 1848, the monastery was transformed into a Uniate one and retained its influence for a long time, becoming a first-class monastery by imperial decree. In the 19th century, a stone Intercession Cathedral was built, and later, a warm church and a fence, forming a small complex surrounded by a three-meter brick wall.

After the 1917 revolution, the monastery lost all its possessions. From 1919, a children's colony was located on its territory, followed by the Klimovsk School-Internat. In 1922, church valuables were confiscated, including 24 poods of silver and 3-4 poods of gold. In 1923, the monastery was finally closed.

During the Soviet era, some buildings were destroyed or rebuilt, and the fence was dismantled. The buildings housed children's institutions and a state farm. By the end of the 20th century, only the cathedral, the warm church, and several rebuilt buildings remained.

In the 2000s, the restoration of the destroyed buildings began. Church services resumed in the Church of St. Nicholas the Wonderworker. In 2006, part of the buildings was transferred to the Russian Orthodox Church, and the monastery was revived as a dependency of the Kazan Ploshchanskaya Mother of God Monastery. Repair work and landscaping were carried out.

From October 16 to 18, 2013, a special commission from the Synodal Department for Monasteries and Monasticism considered the issue of opening a men's monastery in the village of Pokrovskoye in the Klimovsky District of Bryansk Oblast. On August 9, 2017, the commission visited the monastery again and agreed to its opening.

On October 8, the Holy Synod decided to open the Klimovsky Pokrovsky Men's Monastery and appointed Hieromonk Photiy (Zherebtsov) as its abbot. Currently, the brotherhood of the monastery consists of one hieromonk and four novices. Daily services are held in the renovated Nikolsky Church, and active repairs are underway at the Intercession Cathedral.