The Church of Saints Peter and Paul in Kaluga is one of the oldest in the city. In the inventory of 1626, compiled by scribe Plescheyev, among the 11 Kaluga churches, the church "of the Supreme Apostles Peter and Paul" is mentioned with two chapels: Borisoglebsky and Georgievsky, described as "wooden, cell-like, with three domes."

It was located in the old fortress. The 1685 inventory mentions the church of Paraskeva Friday with two domes, located in the square. This wooden church stood next to the Georgievsky church, on the site of the former Peter and Paul church.

The wooden building was repeatedly subjected to fires. It is known that between 1713 and 1715, a wooden church of St. George from Vorobyovka was moved to the site of the burned church of Paraskeva Friday.

In 1745, a stone church was built on the site of the wooden church by a townsman whose name has not survived, which stood until 1780 in the old square near the city fortress. According to the general plan of Kaluga, it was to be relocated to a new site.

In 1780, a common cemetery was created north of Kaluga, closer to the Lavrentievsky Monastery. Before this, parishioners buried their loved ones in parish cemeteries or in four specially designated places. In 1780, the church of Paraskeva Friday was moved to the main alley of the new cemetery.

In 1781, after the completion of restoration work, the cemetery church was consecrated with the blessing of the Moscow Metropolitan Platon. The main altar of the church is dedicated to the holy apostles Peter and Paul, and the chapel to the holy great martyr Paraskeva Friday, whose icon was transferred from the previous church.

The stone church is executed in the "Italian style": a single-domed square with facades decorated with arcades and pilasters, a refectory, and a bell tower on one axis. In the second half of the 19th century, small single-story extensions were added to the bell tower from the north and south sides. In 1877, with the funds of Ivan Iosifovich Zhurakovsky, a chapel in honor of the Nativity of the Forerunner and Baptizer of the Lord John was arranged and consecrated. Zhurakovsky served for a long time in the postal service in Kaluga and Siberia and decided to establish an altar in honor of his heavenly patron.

Next to the church was the Friday almshouse, founded in 1793. In 1842, it was rebuilt, a second floor and outbuildings were added. In 1850, it housed 120 people: men on the lower floor, women on the upper. The almshouse was maintained from the income of the merchant society. Nearby, a dining hall for free meals and an outpatient clinic for the sick were opened.

The clergy usually consisted of two priests, a deacon, and two psalmists. Notable figures include archpriest Ivan Levshin, priest Gabriel Livanovsky, archpriest Nikita Rozhdestvensky, and priest Alexey Nikolsky.

In 1929, the church was closed, and its building was used for storage, and from 1960 it served as a workshop for coffin production and wood drying.

In December 1941, during the last month of the occupation of Kaluga, hundreds of civilians were shot in the church, as eyewitnesses testify.

On August 28, 1990, on the day of the Dormition of the Most Holy Theotokos, the first service was held at the entrance to the church, although the premises were still not suitable for services.

On June 6, 1992, Archbishop Clement of Kaluga and Borovsk solemnly consecrated the church.