Anastasia Tsvetaeva was born on September 15, 1894, in Moscow to the family of professor and museum figure I. V. Tsvetaeva. Like her older sister Marina, she received initial home education and then studied at the private women's gymnasium of M. T. Bryukhonenko. In 1902 and 1905, the sisters lived in Western Europe, studying at boarding schools in Switzerland and Germany, after which they moved to Yalta. In 1906, after their mother's death, they returned to Moscow and often spent time in Tarusa.

In 1912, Anastasia married nineteen-year-old Boris Trukhachev, and soon after Easter, they were married in the church at the Alexander shelter for wounded soldiers in the village of Vsekhsvyatskoye. In the same year, they had a son, Andrei, who died on January 31, 1993, eight months before his mother. In 1914, the marriage fell apart, and in the autumn of 1915, she entered into a civil marriage with chemical engineer Mavriky Mintz and moved to him in Alexandrov. Despite family responsibilities, Anastasia continued to engage in literature, and in 1915, her first book, "Royal Reflections," imbued with Nietzschean ideas, was published.

After the 1917 revolution, the Tsvetaeva sisters, at the invitation of Maximilian Voloshin, went to Crimea, to Koktebel, where they stayed as guests with him. On July 18, 1917, in Crimea, her one-year-old son Alyosha from her second husband died of dysentery, who had passed away in May of the same year from peritonitis.

In the early 1920s, Anastasia returned to Moscow, earning a living through odd jobs, but continued to write. In 1921, on the recommendation of M. Gershenzon and N. Berdyaev, she was accepted into the Writers' Union. In 1924, Boris Pasternak wrote to his wife that Anastasia, an intelligent woman and writer, had now become fascinated with religion and was critical even of her sister's poetic work.

In 1927, she completed the book "The Hungry Epic," but was unable to publish it, as well as the novel "SOS, or The Constellation of Scorpio." In the same year, Anastasia visited Europe, went to Sorrento with M. Gorky, and France, where she met her sister for the last time.

In April 1933, Anastasia was arrested in Moscow due to her acquaintance with B. Zubakin, a Freemason and Rosicrucian. Thanks to the efforts of B. Pasternak, E. Peshkova, and M. Gorky, she was released after 64 days. From 1933 to 1937, she taught German at the Moscow Regional Foreign Languages Combine.

On September 2, 1937, she was arrested again in Tarusa, accused of involvement in the "Order of Rosicrucians," allegedly created by Zubakin. Her son Andrei was arrested with her. All her writings were confiscated and destroyed by the NKVD. In January 1938, she was sentenced to 10 years in camps for counter-revolutionary activities and sent to Bamlag, later transformed into Amurlag. There, she worked in various jobs and created about 900 portraits of female prisoners. Her son was also sentenced to 10 years but managed to have his sentence reduced due to his abilities.

After her release in 1947, she settled in Pechatkino in the Vologda region, where her son lived. In 1949, she was arrested again and sent into exile in the Novosibirsk region. She was released in 1954 and moved to her son in Bashkortostan. In 1957, she moved to Pavlodar, where she lived until her rehabilitation. In 1959, Anastasia was rehabilitated. In 1960, she visited Yelabuga to find her sister's grave and erected a cross at the presumed burial site. In 1961, she moved to Moscow and tried to restore her works. In her last years, she lived on Bolshaya Spasskaya Street, where a memorial plaque is installed on the house.

During the perestroika years, she fought for the creation of her sister's museum. The opening of the Cultural Center "Marina Tsvetaeva House Museum" took place in 1992. In 2013, a museum of Anastasia Tsvetaeva opened in Pavlodar. She passed away on September 5, 1993, in Moscow and was buried at Vagankovo Cemetery next to her parents and son.