The formation of the museum's collection began in 1966, when members of the Moscow branch of the Union of Artists donated the first paintings to the collective farm "Kavkaz." A significant role in the museum's history was played by World War II veteran Ivan Ivanovich Protasov. He proposed to expand the museum's concept by adding a historical section to the exhibitions of visual arts. Protasov, becoming the first director of the collective farm museum, actively collected materials about the history of the village of Kurgannaya and the collective farm.

Initially, the donated paintings and sculptures were placed in the hall on the second floor of the collective farm's Palace of Culture. Artists constantly replenished the fund of the collective farm gallery, and the Kovalенко Regional Art Museum transferred paintings through purchases. The funds of the museum of the "Kavkaz" collective farm were supplemented by exhibits collected from local residents, which was also led by Ivan Ivanovich Protasov. His efforts laid the foundation for a section dedicated to the everyday culture of the local population in the early 20th century. The residents of the village actively supported Protasov's initiative, contributing to the creation of the new museum section.

With the opening of a new Palace of Culture in 1965, Protasov suggested opening a museum in one of its premises. In those years, veterans, partisans, and labor veterans often visited Kurganinsk and left photographs and personal belongings as mementos for future generations. In 1972, Andrey Petrovich Khomyakov proposed to build a separate building for the museum, and this proposal was unanimously supported. The museum building was constructed according to the design of the honored architect of the RSFSR A.V. Titov and became the only one in the rural areas of the Krasnodar Territory specifically built for a museum.

The two-story building with a glass roof adorned the central part of the city of Kurganinsk. On the first floor was the museum of the "Kavkaz" collective farm, telling the history of the city and the collective farm, while on the second floor was the art gallery, a branch of the Kovalensko Regional Art Museum, since October 1, 1975. By the order of the Ministry of Culture of the RSFSR on December 23, 1980, the museum was awarded the title of "People's Museum." In 1993, it was transformed into the Kurganinsky Historical Museum.

Over the years, the museum's collections have grown to 23,000 exhibits, including a vast archive of documents and photographs, as well as dozens of collections. Over 53 years, the museum has been visited by about 900,000 people, and more than thirty thousand excursions have been conducted.