The "Yasenevo" estate is one of the oldest in Moscow. It includes the church of the Apostles Peter and Paul, with the first mentions dating back to the early 17th century. In 1628-1629, by the order of Tsar Mikhail Fyodorovich, a wooden church was built in Yasenevo in honor of the martyr Sophia and her daughters Faith, Hope, and Love. In 1674, Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich ordered the construction of a new, larger church of the Sign of the Blessed Virgin Mary nearby, which included two chapels: one in honor of St. Nicholas the Wonderworker and the other in honor of the martyr Sophia with her daughters. In 1751, F.A. Lopukhin received permission to build a new church, which became an example of monumental Baroque architecture, dating back to the first half of the 1750s.

The church survived the Patriotic War of 1812 when French troops passed through Yasenevo. One significant event was the wedding on July 9, 1822, of Count Nikolai Ilyich Tolstoy and Princess Maria Nikolaevna Volkonskaya in the presence of the family of S.I. Gagarin and other noble guests.

In 1832, a side chapel in honor of St. Barbara the Great Martyr and a bell tower were added to the church. In 1860-61, a reconstruction was carried out to correct the deficiencies of the previous building. As a result, the church acquired a three-part axial symmetrical composition of "church-narthex-bell tower." In its final form, it had three altars: the central one in honor of the Apostles Peter and Paul, the southern one in honor of St. Sergius of Radonezh, and the northern one in honor of St. Barbara the Great Martyr.

In the 1930s, the church was closed and used as a warehouse, then it stood empty. In 1973-76, external restoration was carried out, and crosses were installed. In 1989, the church was returned to the Orthodox Church and handed over to the parish. In the 1990s, its appearance changed due to new decorative elements. Since 1997, the church has been the Moscow representation of the Holy Vvedensky Optina Monastery.