The first written mention of the Assumption Church appears in the "Record Book for Newly Appointed Priests and Deacons" from the year 1700, which states the issuance of an epitrachelion certificate to Priest Ivan from the Assumption Church. This same book from 1738 mentions that the Assumption Church was previously named in honor of the Three Hierarchs: Basil the Great, Gregory the Theologian, and John Chrysostom. Although it was not listed in the salary book of 1676, its construction likely dates back to the late 17th century.

The church was wooden and cold. Nearby was another wooden but warm church in honor of the Assembly of the Blessed Virgin Mary with an altar dedicated to the holy martyrs Flora and Lavra, where winter services were held. In March 1739, the Cathedral Church burned down. In 1743, a new wooden and warm Cathedral Church was built at the old cemetery. In 1753, both churches, the Assumption and the Cathedral, burned down in a fire in Kasimov. On the site of the burned Assumption Church, an old wooden Church of the Nativity of Christ was erected, which was later replaced by a stone one. Priest Ivan and merchant Milovanov petitioned for permission to build a new stone church.

In 1775, the Assumption Church of the Blessed Virgin Mary was built and consecrated, with Nikolsky and Three Hierarchs altars. In 1789, a refectory was added, and a three-tiered bell tower in the Baroque style was erected. After a storm in the summer of 1810, which damaged the crosses and roof, repairs were conducted at the Assumption Church. In 1826, a new bell weighing 150 poods was installed to replace two broken ones. In 1830 and 1833, the church was adorned with wall paintings. In 1911, the refectory was expanded, and two altars were added: in honor of the Bogolyubskaya Icon of the Mother of God and the Exaltation of the Holy Cross. The parish was small: in 1891, there were 62 households and 490 parishioners. In 1934, the church was closed and desecrated, in 1936 it was converted into a central library, and from 1939 it was used as a warehouse. In 1990, the church was returned to the Russian Orthodox Church. After restoration work, it was reconsecrated on July 13, 1995, by Archbishop Simeon Novikov of Ryazan and Kasimov.