The history of the Borisoglebsk Museum began in 1913. Initially, it served as a museum of visual aids, but in 1929 it was transformed into a local history museum. In 2001, the museum opened the P. I. Sholokhov Art Gallery, becoming a historical and art museum.

For its centenary in 2013, the museum moved to a two-story mansion from the 19th century, which belonged to the pharmacist Robert Karlovich Weiss before the revolution. The first exhibition in the new building, "Siberian Corridor," opened in 2015. It was dedicated to the first "Decembrists' Exhibition" in Russia, with special attention to Prince Sergey Mikhailovich Volkonsky, its organizer. Based on this exhibition, educational programs "The World of the Russian Estate" and "City, History, People" were developed. The museum has an extensive collection of exhibits, including samovars, archaeological finds, numismatics, archival materials, and antique weapons collected by General of the Medical Service K. N. Padlodshchikov. The art gallery features works by local artists such as A. Kuprin, A. Ryabushkin, P. Sholokhov, and V. Savinov. The museum also has a cinema-lecture hall and a hall for temporary exhibitions.