On December 28, 1925, the Syzran Museum opened its doors to visitors for the first time, marking its birthday. In 1927, the museum was enriched with paintings by renowned artists such as N. I. Shishkin, L. K. Savrasov, and I. K. Aivazovsky, and an art department was established. During the war, from 1941 to 1945, the museum continued its work.

In 1949, the museum was renamed the Syzran Local History Museum. Today, its exhibition is divided into two main departments: natural sciences and historical-ethnography. The natural sciences department features sections on "Paleontology," "Geology," "Mineralogy," and "Flora and Fauna." The historical-ethnographic department includes sections on "Archaeology," "History of the Foundation of Syzran," and "Ethnography." A separate exhibition area is dedicated to the history of the development of the Middle Volga region and the founding of Syzran, established in 1683 by the decree of Peter and Ivan Alexeyevich.

The ethnographic section contains a collection of national costumes of the peoples of the Samara region. A highlight is the reconstruction of a "Russian izba," showcasing the life of peasants from past centuries, as well as traditional crafts: wickerwork, weaving, blacksmithing, and pottery. The museum includes two branches: the Spasskaya Tower of the Syzran Kremlin and the Exhibition Hall, which are federal heritage sites. It is housed in two former merchant mansions of N. A. Lednev and A. F. Mityurin, with Lednev's mansion holding the status of a regional heritage site.