Originally, the defensive fortress stretched for hundreds of kilometers, protecting numerous towns and villages. Simbirsk was built in the 17th century as part of this line. Archaeologists first discovered this in the late 1980s when they found ancient fortress remnants on the modern streets of Lenin and Tolstoy. In the early 21st century, local authorities decided to restore part of the earthen rampart and a tall watchtower, which became a museum complex. The museum's exhibition is dedicated to military affairs of the 16th-17th centuries.

Although the depth of the moat and the steepness of the rampart are no longer what they once were, they provide insight into the ancient defensive system. The two lower floors of the museum tower are dedicated to the Russian army of the 17th century, while the third floor focuses on wooden Russian architecture and defensive features. Visitors can familiarize themselves with royal decrees, maps, and other documentation.

One of the museum's most valuable exhibits is the drawings of Erik Palmqvist, a Swedish military attaché, who detailed the uniforms of soldiers and commanders of the 17th century, parts of the defensive structures, and maps.

A special section is dedicated to the weapon exhibition, featuring samples of cold, firearms, and artillery, as well as elements of protective gear. Visitors can try on the attire of a shooter with an axe and saber and take a commemorative photo. There is also interest in the carriage house with the exhibition 'Mills of Simbirsk,' where one can explore the history of milling and see a model of a water mill restored according to ancient designs.