Until 1794, the church was located on Bogoyavlenskaya Street, near the forges, as Saints Cosmas and Damian are considered the patrons of blacksmiths. Later, the forges and the church were moved to the Moscow Gates. In 1754, the church suffered from a fire, and the bell tower was built only in 1836. In 1881, the main iconostasis was updated and gilded, and in 1886, the iconostases of the chapels, decorated with carvings and gold, were installed. In 1888, the church was painted, and the old paintings were restored.

In the inventories of 1626 and 1685, it is mentioned as the Church of St. Nicholas the Wonderworker, located behind the shops, wooden, with a tent roof, in the old fortress, with a chapel in the name of Cosmas and Damian. In the 18th century, the church was located near the current Bogoyavlensky Church. In 1754, the wooden church suffered from a fire, and in 1755, a new stone church was built on this site in honor of St. Nicholas. In 1794, according to a new plan for Kaluga, the Nicholas Church was dismantled and moved to a new location, with construction completed in the 18th century.

The main altar of the new church was consecrated in the name of the Uncreated Savior, but the people continued to call the church Kozmodemyanskaya, although only one chapel was dedicated to these saints, the other to St. Nicholas.

Before the revolution, the church housed a Gospel printed on blue paper in 1755 and a prayer book from 1658. The church was famous for the icon of the Mother of God "The Passion Bearer," adorned with a silver robe, pearls, and precious stones. The Pochaev Icon of the Mother of God, brought from the Pochaev Lavra, was also in the church. It was lowered once a week so that parishioners could venerate it.

Despite its unique beauty, the church suffered from Soviet vandalism. Priests Hieromonk Anthony (Kobeleva) and Priest Nikolai Vylezhinsky were arrested in 1926 for anti-Soviet agitation. Father Anthony was exiled to the Belgorod region and shot in 1931; the fate of the second is unknown.

In 1937, the church was closed and used to house prisoners. The closure was accompanied by desecrations and attempts to destroy the frescoes, but the images of the saints miraculously survived. During the removal of the bells, one of the Komsomol members died after falling from the bell tower.

After the closure, the building was used as an isolation ward, and later as a garage and warehouse. In 1960, the church was recognized as a monument of architecture but continued to be used as a warehouse until it was handed over to the Church. The barbaric treatment contributed to its destruction, and valuables disappeared.

On July 17, 1992, the church was returned to the Kaluga Diocese and became an Archierarchical Courtyard. On August 27, 1998, Archbishop Clement consecrated the altar of the central altar, and regular services began.

From 1992 to 1996, the rector was Protopriest Nikolai Sukhodolov, and from 1997 to 2016, Protopriest Georgy Gafarov. Since May 23, 2016, Protopriest Sergey Tretyakov has been appointed rector.

Services and restoration work continue in the church. A monument to those who fell in Afghanistan, Chechnya, and other hot spots is installed in front of the southern facade, making the church a memorial for soldiers.

Two Sunday schools for children and adults operate at the church. Spiritual and educational discussions are held on Saturdays, and pilgrimage trips are organized.