The first mention of the church dates back to the 17th and the first half of the 18th century. It is merely a record of the tax size received from the church "of St. Prophet Elijah in the limits of Basil of Caesarea in Oboyan in the Cossack settlement." When and how the church building was constructed is not specified. More detailed information is contained in the "Topographical Description of the Kursk Province" (1784): "in this settlement, there is a wooden church in the name of St. Prophet Elijah, with 4 households of clergy and church servants, totaling 12 souls." The parish consisted of single householders (118 households, 351 men) and Ukrainians living as state peasants (3 households, 14 men).

In 1841, a new church building was constructed. The clerical record states that this was done through the efforts of landowner Nikolai Alexeyevich Dombrovsky from the Kozelsky district of the Kaluga province with the participation of parishioners.

The church owned land: 54 desyatinas of arable land, 3 desyatinas of haymaking land, and 2 desyatinas 600 square fathoms of homestead land with a burial site. The population of the settlement increased, and by 1915, in the Cossack settlement and the Nagorny farm, which was part of the parish of the Ilyinsky church, there were 481 houses, of which 3 belonged to the clergy, 2 to merchants, and 476 to peasants (a total of over 3000 parishioners).

The nearest churches to the Ilyinsky church were the Cathedral of the Holy Trinity and the Smolensk churches in the city of Oboyan.

The heavily damaged church still stands today. Its description, compiled in 1923, states: the building is stone, cross-shaped, measuring 36 by 24 arshins, plastered inside and out, painted, covered with iron, with two domes and pierced crosses, and 22 windows. The bell tower is three-tiered, with bells weighing 316 poods 10 pounds; 92 poods; 5 poods and 4 small bells. Around the church is a stone fence with iron doors on the west and south sides.

The altars of the church: the main altar, in the name of St. Prophet Elijah, in the southern limit, the altar of St. Alexius the Man of God in the northern limit, and the altar of Martyr Tatiana. The description of the interior decoration includes a three-tiered carved iconostasis crowned with the Holy Cross. In the middle iconostasis, local icons of the Savior and the Mother of God, on the right, the church icon of St. Prophet Elijah, on the left, St. Basil the Great in metal vestments, framed under glass; in the 2nd tier, icons of the twelve feasts on round boards with carvings; in the 3rd tier, the icon of the Theophany of God to Abraham in the form of three travelers. The royal gates are carved with the icon of the Annunciation of the Mother of God and the four evangelists, above them the Holy Spirit in radiance, on the right door the icon of Archangel Gabriel, on the left, Archangel Michael. In 1916, repairs were made to the church.

A church parish school operated at the church, for which a wooden house covered with iron was built in 1903. In 1915, 76 girls were educated here, and the library had 40 books (excluding liturgical ones).

After the decree of the SNK of the RSFSR dated January 23, 1918, the Ilyinsky church continued to operate based on the charter and the agreement concluded between the religious community and the district executive committee. According to the decree of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee dated February 23, 1922, valuables were confiscated from the church, 12 items weighing a total of 8 pounds 84 gold coins (sacred vessels, vestments from icons, altar cross).

Documents from the Oboyan district executive committee show that services in the church ceased in 1935 due to the absence of a priest. The decision to close the church was made by the presidium of the regional executive committee on August 5, 1940, and the collective farm named after Gorky used it as a grain storage.

In 1956, when an inspection of church buildings along the Moscow-Simferopol highway was conducted, experts noted that the roof of the church was missing, the dome and bell tower remained, but without crosses, the exterior plaster and cornices had collapsed, and the windows and doors were bricked up. The Ilyinsky church was inactive in 1940 and 1980.

According to the Federal Law of September 26, 1991 "On Freedom of Conscience and Religious Associations," the religious organization of the Ilyinsky church of the Russian Orthodox Church (Moscow Patriarchate) was registered, registration certificate No. 269r dated November 10, 2000. Since the suburban settlement of Kazatskaya was included in the city of Oboyan by the decision of the presidium of the Kursk regional executive committee on August 8, 1959, the modern address of the Ilyinsky church is the former settlement of Kazatskaya, city of Oboyan, Moscow Street. The church was assigned to the Holy Trinity church of the city of Oboyan (until April 2018), and is now assigned to the Smolensk church of the city of Oboyan.

Church documents are kept in the state archive of the Kursk region: clerical record for 1915; metric books for 1802, 1862, 1868-1905, 1911-1918. The resolution of the governor of the Kursk region No. 566 dated October 30, 1998.

The Ilyinsky church is protected as a monument of cult architecture of regional significance. In 2015, at the request of residents and with the blessing of Metropolitan Herman of Kursk and Rylsk, restoration of the church, which suffered during the godless years, began.