The parish at this site was founded in the 16th century by the boyars Khitrovo, who owned the nearby villages. A significant event in the history of the parish was the discovery in 1748 of the miraculous "Kaluzhskaya" icon of the Mother of God.

The appearance of this icon occurred in 1748 in the village of Tinkovo, in the house of landowner V.K. Khitrovo. The icon, painted on coarse canvas, was discovered by maids in the attic. One of the maids, who showed disrespect to the image of the Virgin Mary, lost her speech, and her hands and feet became numb. She recovered only after her parents prayed before the found icon. The landowner took the icon to his home, adorned it with a frame, and allowed everyone to come to it. Soon he transferred the icon to the parish church of the Nativity of the Virgin Mary and bequeathed that it should never be removed from there.

The stone church with three altars was built by V.K. Khitrovo in 1760. The main altar was consecrated in honor of the Nativity of the Blessed Virgin Mary, the northern one in honor of St. Nicholas, and the southern one in honor of the apostles Peter and Paul. In the 19th century, the church was expanded, and in the early 20th century, the refectory was painted.

In the early 20th century, two church-parish schools operated at the Nativity Church: one in the village of Kaluzhka and the other in the village of Turynina Sloboda. The latter was founded on October 2, 1896, with the blessing of Bishop Makariy. In different years, it educated from 90 to 130 students.

There were two houses for the church clergy near the church. Previously, there was a chapel on the Kaluzhsk-Tula highway. Until 1918, the parish staff included two priests, one deacon, and two psalmists. The church was closed by the Soviet authorities in 1938, icons and liturgical items were destroyed, and the bell tower and domes were demolished. In 1950, the building was repurposed as secondary school No. 28.

The church reopened in 1991. There is a miraculous spring at the church, where annual water blessings are performed: in honor of the discovery of the Kaluzhskaya icon (on the first Sunday of the Peter's Fast), the salvation of Kaluga from cholera in 1892 (July 18/31), deliverance from the plague in 1771 (September 2/15), and the expulsion of the French in 1812 (October 12/25).

Currently, the Nativity Church belongs to the women's monastery of the Kaluzhskaya icon of the Mother of God.