In 1675, a stone Assumption Cathedral was built on the site of a wooden church, where the Yakhroma icon of the Mother of God appeared. Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich allocated 300 rubles and 100 poods of iron for the construction. The relics of St. Cosmas rested in the cathedral. The church was renovated in 1837 under Abbot Cyprian, and in 1867 a new iconostasis was installed and frescoes were made under Abbot Naum. In 1906, central heating was installed in the Assumption Cathedral.

During the construction of the new stone Assumption cathedral, the old wooden church in honor of Great Martyr Paraskeva Friday disappeared from the monastery, mentioned in inventories from the first half of the 17th century. In this church, according to inventories from 1619 and 1635, the relics of the founder of the monastery rested, and the church housed the relics of the miracle worker Cosmas, covered with his image. It is likely that the new church was built on the site of the two wooden churches, the Assumption and Paraskeva Friday.

In 1832, after the canonization of St. Mitrophan of Voronezh, a chapel in his name was arranged above the refectory of the church of the Not-Made-By-Hands Image. In the southern part of the main altar of the Assumption church, a chapel in honor of the founder of the monastery, St. Cosmas of Yakhroma, was renewed. A second floor was added above the abbot's and brethren's cells, and the Nikolsky gate church was rebuilt.

During the years of the revolution and Soviet power, the fate of the Cosmas monastery was similar to that of many closed and desecrated monasteries and churches. According to local residents, some of the monks left the monastery in 1918, probably due to a lack of means for existence. The monastery was closed in 1923, and its complex was used for the needs of the new authorities. The 'property' was 'nationalized' and transferred to the Vladimir Regional Museum, which removed all valuable items.

After the formation of the Nebyloye district in 1935, various organizations were located in the monastery. A club was opened in the Assumption Cathedral, and later a canteen and bakery. Local residents recalled that the canteen turned into a tavern in the evening. The elderly remember how in 1936 the bells were removed and smashed: 'The Nebyloye men smashed the large hundred-pood bell, and people stood and cried.' Later, the bell tower was destroyed and the domes crowning the monastery's churches were demolished.

In 1995, the monastery was granted the status of a monastery, confirmed by the resolution of the Holy Synod on December 27, 1996. In November of the same year, the entire monastery complex was returned to the Vladimir diocese. The relics of St. Cosmas rest in the Assumption Cathedral.