The Church of the Assumption of the Mother of God was the first temple in the Vyshensky Desert, which gave the monastery its name Holy Assumption. According to the deed of the abbess Martha Ioannovna, the church was originally located in the old monastery on the opposite bank of the Vysha River and was moved to a new location in 1625. The wooden church burned down in a fire, and under the abbess Dosifea, it was rebuilt from stone. The construction was completed in 1761, and the consecration took place the following year. The church had two chapels: in the name of St. Nicholas of Myra and St. Sergius of Radonezh. Since the 19th century, it housed the monastery's shrine, the miraculous Kazan Icon of the Mother of God. In 1774, shortly after the stone church was built, it was looted by troops of Pugachev. By the end of the 19th century, the church became cramped for parishioners.

As noted in the "Historical and Statistical Description of the Tambov Diocese," published in the early 20th century, "this church is solid in structure but unremarkable in appearance and irregular in architecture." After the consecration of the new Nativity of Christ Cathedral in 1890, the Assumption Church remained unused until the closure of the Vyshensky Monastery in 1923. The Bolsheviks transferred the church to the "Children's Town named after the Third International," turning it into a theater, removing the iconostasis, and painting over the wall paintings. Later, the building was used by a psychiatric hospital that settled on the monastery grounds. Local residents recount that once the church's domes were dismantled, and the metal was used for buckets to feed pigs.

By the early 1990s, the church was in a deplorable state. In 1996, its dome unexpectedly collapsed, and the following year the building was returned to the monastery. The Assumption Church became the first in the monastery where restoration work began. It was consecrated on June 21, 1998, and since then, regular services resumed at the Holy Assumption Vyshensky Monastery. On June 29, 2002, the relics of St. Theophan the Recluse of Vysha were transferred to the Assumption Church from the Church of St. Sergius of Radonezh in the village of Emmanuilovka. They remained here until 2009, when they were placed in the restored and consecrated Kazan Cathedral.