The idea of building the church arose in 1861 thanks to merchant P. Tatarinov, who donated 6 thousand rubles for the laying of the church, which took place in 1863. However, the merchant's death in the same year interrupted the initiated project, and his heirs refused to continue the construction, transferring it to a women's monastery. Additional funds came from Troitsk merchants, such as I. Vasilyev and K. Syromyatnikov.

On June 16, 1862, the Holy Synod approved the construction of a new monastery church for the Kazan-Bogoroditsky Monastery, the Church of the Transfiguration of the Lord. The laying took place on June 9, 1863, under the guidance of the archpriest of the Holy Trinity Cathedral, Gavriil Amanatsky. The construction lasted four years and was financed by private donations from the residents of Troitsk: merchant I. Vasilyev donated 10 thousand rubles, merchant widows E. Bakakina and E. Tatarinova contributed 6 and 2.3 thousand rubles respectively, and funds also came from the city mayor V. Pupyshev. By the summer of 1870, the construction was completed. The church became the largest structure of the Kazan Monastery and represents a classic cross-domed style. Its architectural feature is its upward aspiration, making the building appear light and airy. Five gilded crosses were installed on the church, a carved gilded three-tiered iconostasis, and four soaring angels were depicted in the dome. Lighting was provided by a copper-silvered chandelier and silver lamps, and the church was richly decorated with 89 icons. On October 1, 1870, it was consecrated in the presence of Count Berg, the aide-de-camp of His Imperial Majesty. Before the ceremony, the church was gifted an icon of the Great Martyr and Healer Panteleimon in a gilded carved frame.

On July 22, 1891, Tsarevich Nikolai, the future Emperor Nicholas II, visited Troitsk and the monastery church of the Transfiguration of the Lord, gifting the church an icon of Saint Nicholas the Wonderworker, which is still kept there today.

In the early years of Soviet power, the monastery continued its activities, but in 1922 it was closed, like many church institutions. In 1927, the monastery buildings were transferred for cultural and educational purposes, and since then their owners have changed multiple times. Before the war, the 47th and 48th cavalry brigades were located here, during the Great Patriotic War, a military flight school, and in 1947 the buildings were handed over to an aviation technical school. The Church of the Transfiguration of the Lord became a gym, and the Kazan Church was dismantled in 1949.

The first step towards the revival of the monastery was made in 1991 when the leadership of the aviation technical school appealed to the Church Council of the Dmitrievskaya Church with a request to take the Church of the Transfiguration of the Lord onto the church balance. The monastic community was reestablished in 1996, and the Church of the Transfiguration of the Lord was restored.