The Church of the Twelve Apostles in Sudak is located at the foot of Mount Palvani-Oba, near the Port Tower, also known as the Astragver Tower. Centuries ago, this was the site of the ancient city of Sugdeia and its lower port town. The first settlements were on the southern slope of the Fortress Mountain and partially on Mount Palvani-Oba, near the port.

Originally, it was a Greco-Byzantine temple dedicated to the prophet Elijah. The exact time of its construction is unknown, but it is believed that Armenian architects built the Church of the Twelve Apostles in the 12th-15th centuries for the Greek community. The church is designed in the Byzantine style with elements of Anatolian and Transcaucasian architecture. It is adorned with stone inlays featuring ornaments and has a five-sided apse on a rectangular foundation. Light enters the church through three windows located in the east, south, and west. There is a niche in the northern wall, where there used to be two. The entrance to the church is on the western side.

In the 17th century, the church was destroyed twice. After the first destruction, a smaller church was built on its foundation, which remained Greek. After the second destruction, the Armenian church appeared within its walls.

The modern name of the church comes from the fresco of the "Last Supper" depicted on its walls. This fresco, which gave the church its name, was in good condition until the Great Patriotic War, but now its outlines are almost invisible.

On the preserved plaster, images of sailing ships dating back to the 15th and early 17th centuries were found, coinciding with the period of the church's operation.

After the war, the church fell into disrepair. In the 1970s, attempts were made to restore it, but they were unsuccessful. Only in 2006 did large-scale restoration work begin at the initiative of the Sudak Fortress Museum and the National Reserve "Sophia of Kyiv." The restoration was funded by sponsors, allowing for the updating of the church's interior. Artists from the Kyiv Restoration Center attempted to restore the fresco of the "Last Supper" and added new ornaments.

By spring 2009, the church was restored. On April 19, 2009, Easter, a festive service was held here. On May 24, the day of Saints Cyril and Methodius, a solemn service took place in honor of the official opening of the church.