The Assumption-Nikolai Cathedral is the oldest stone church preserved in the Belgorod region. According to data from the 'Description of the Kursk Province' compiled by Ivan Bashilov in 1785, its construction took place from 1692 to 1703. The cathedral was built by the soldiers of the Belgorod garrison and Moscow shooters under the guidance of Ivan Prokofyev.

In the altar of the cathedral, before its closure, there was a note stating that on July 15, 1701, Peter I allocated one hundred rubles for the construction of a stone church of the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary and the Great Miracle Worker Nicholas in Belgorod. In 1759, the cathedral suffered greatly from a fire: the wooden roof, domes, and iconostasis were destroyed, and the walls were also damaged. In the early 19th century, a high brick fence was built around the cathedral.

In 1889, a round chapel was built on the site of the northwestern tower in memory of the rescue of Emperor Alexander III and his family during a train crash on October 17, 1887. In the early 1930s, the cathedral was closed and converted into a bread factory.

In 1986, the church was placed under state protection as a monument of 17th-century architecture. In 1998, the cathedral was transferred to the Belgorod and Starooskol Diocese, and in 1999, by Easter, it was handed over to the Marfo-Mariinsky Women's Monastery.

The Assumption-Nikolai Cathedral is a rare example of a church with an asymmetric plan and baroque decor, characteristic of late Moscow architecture. It has three altars: the main altar is dedicated to the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary, the southern chapel to Saint Nicholas, Archbishop of Myra in Lycia, the Miracle Worker, and in the northern part of the refectory, there is an altar in honor of Saint John the Baptist. Currently, restoration work is underway in the church.