The cathedral was built after the model of St. Isaac's Cathedral in St. Petersburg. The classical style projects were developed by St. Petersburg architects Sharleman I.I., Mikhailov A.A., and Ukhtomsky A.G. in the early 19th century. The estimate for the construction was prepared by architect Gopius from Uralsk, who also supervised the quality and correctness of the work. The construction was led by engineer-sub-lieutenant Sinkov.

In 1835, the site for the church was consecrated and the foundation was laid. At the same time, bricks and white stone were being prepared. Despite the shortage of workers, construction progressed quickly. Work was carried out from May to October in dry weather, and in winter the site was covered with straw. By the fall of 1838, the walls and colonnades were erected. In the summer of 1837, the stonework was completed and the exterior walls were plastered. The interior was decorated with marble, mosaics, and paintings. In 1838, the interior finishing was underway, and the roof, domes, and crosses were installed. On October 24, 1838, Sinkov reported to the authorities that the construction of the stone church in the Iletskaya Defense fortress was completed correctly and properly.

In August 1839, the head of the salt administration informed the governor about the complete finishing of the works. On September 12, 1839, the church was solemnly consecrated in honor of the Resurrection of the Lord and soon became the main church of the Iletskaya Defense. The central square of the fortress was named Cathedral Square.

In the 1930s, a difficult time for Orthodox Christians in Russia, the cathedral was destroyed.

On the site of the destroyed Cathedral of the Resurrection of the Lord, a cross was erected and consecrated on September 25, 2011. On April 29, 2015, a meeting of the Board of Trustees was held regarding the restoration of the church. On April 27 and 28, attempts were made to determine the location of the foundation of the destroyed church. In several places where the church presumably stood, preserved stones of the foundation and fragments of brickwork from the chimneys were discovered.