The first significant architectural structure in Yekaterinodar was the military Resurrection Cathedral, located in the center of the fortress square. Its construction lasted three years, from October 1799 to October 1802. Initially, it was planned to build the church from brick, but due to a lack of funds, it was decided to use wood. In April 1799, three thousand pine logs were purchased in Dubovka on the Volga, which were first delivered to the Kachalinskaya stanitsa and then, with great difficulties and expenses, to Yekaterinodar.

On October 8, 1799, the Black Sea military government signed a contract with the Don Cossack atamans Fyodor Guselshchikov and Stepan Nikolaev for the construction of a wooden cathedral church. On October 5, 1802, the cathedral with an altar in the name of the Resurrection of the Lord was consecrated. Work on the iconostasis continued for several years, and until its completion, a temporary iconostasis from the field church of the Holy Trinity was used.

Nine bells for the cathedral were cast in Kherson at the factory of merchant Strugovshchikov from old Turkish bronze cannons and a mortar. The largest bell weighed 440 poods, and the smallest, 21 pounds. In 1795, they were delivered to Taman and then by river to Yekaterinodar, where the Cossacks dragged them into the fortress on wooden rollers.

According to the contract, the church was to be cross-shaped, 50 arshins long and high, with a bell tower 18 arshins long and wide, and a height corresponding to architectural proportions. The church was planned to be built using the best carpentry and joinery work within a year. The Black Sea Cossacks committed to take the workers to Kushchevka after the construction was completed. The builders requested 10,000 rubles for their work. The process was overseen by the chief master Tolstoukhov and the ataman Morenko, who was an experienced builder. However, the construction took longer than planned.

To create the iconostasis, completed in 1807, ataman Plankevich purchased the necessary materials in Moscow and found craftsmen among the Kuban people. Student Emelyan Ivanchin developed the original design of the iconostasis, Ivan Sleznev carved the patterns in wood, Fyodor Fyodorov primed the boards, and artist Nikifor Cheusov painted them. The work turned out magnificent. The most valuable decorations of the church consisted of ancient items from the Cossack Holy Trinity Church and the Mezhyhirya Monastery, returned to the Black Sea Cossacks after the destruction of the Zaporozhian Sich.

The architecture of the Resurrection Cathedral reflected the features of Ukrainian baroque while preserving ancient Russian traditions. The church was pillar-based, hexagonal, with a bell tower in one of the pillars, and had the shape of a Latin cross. Each of the six octagonal pillars was three-tiered, with an iron roof and an onion dome. The crosses and domes were gilded, and the roof was covered with copper paint.

Researcher N.V. Sultanov noted that the form of the cathedral was preserved in wooden architecture in southern Russia. Such forms were characteristic of churches of the Zaporozhian and Don Cossacks. The Resurrection Cathedral resembled other cathedrals, such as the Holy Trinity Cathedral in Novomoskovsk and the Resurrection Cathedral in Cherkasy.

After the consecration in 1872 of the new Alexander Nevsky Cathedral, the Resurrection Cathedral lost its status as the main church of the Black Sea Cossack army and was dismantled between 1876 and 1879 due to dilapidation.