The Resurrection Cathedral was laid in 1814 according to the design of Mikhail Petrovich Korinfsky, a talented architect from Arzamas, a student of artist A.V. Stupin and architect A.N. Voronikhin. Before the construction began, the old dilapidated Resurrection Cathedral, which was located in another part of the city, was dismantled. According to cathedral documents, it is known that it existed in Arzamas during the reign of Tsar Fyodor Ioannovich, who gifted the cathedral a cross-reliquary. On the site of the new cathedral, there were previously wooden houses that were bought for demolition and used for firing bricks. Special brick factories were opened for construction, producing 5.5 million bricks. The wall masonry continued from 1814 to 1821. The foundation required 1000 cubic fathoms of rubble stone and 10,000 poods of iron.

The interior space of the Resurrection Cathedral creates an impression of spaciousness and light thanks to 24 windows, each of which has a reveal so that the street does not distract from prayer. The floors are laid with wooden beams, which adds coziness. The interior is executed in brown, light tones that promote a prayerful mood. From 1834 to 1837, Stupin artists Osip Semyonovich Serebryakov with his son Alexander and assistants painted the vaults and walls of the temple with ink on wet plaster. Later, Osip Serebryakov became a brother of the Sarov Holy Dormition Monastery, and his portrait of St. Seraphim of Sarov became a well-known iconographic image.

The right chapel of the cathedral is dedicated to Saint Prince Alexander Nevsky and Saint Mitrophan of Voronezh, whose memory is celebrated on December 6. Mitrophan was canonized in 1832, during the construction of the cathedral. Voronezh merchants living in Arzamas requested to consecrate one of the chapels in honor of their fellow countryman. The left chapel is dedicated to Saint Martyr John the Warrior. To the right and left of these chapels in the semicircular niches of the porticos are two more chapels with single-tier iconostases and mosaic icons: the right in honor of the Protection of the Most Holy Theotokos, the left in the name of All Saints. Services in these chapels are held once a year, on the feast days.

The construction of the Resurrection Cathedral lasted 28 years, and its decoration continued for many years thanks to donations and the labor of the residents of Arzamas. Wealthy citizens made significant contributions for specific works, such as gilding the iconostasis and acquiring church utensils. Their names have been preserved thanks to chronicler N. Shchegolkova. For example, he mentions the cathedral elder S. Bystrikov, who, when there were not enough boards for the floor in the cathedral, donated the floors from his house. In difficult times, when there were no funds in the treasury, builders collected donations from ordinary people in the surrounding villages.

The history of the cathedral reflects the Russian piety of that time. One hopes that this piety has not faded, and the Resurrection Cathedral will shine in all its glory once again.