The cathedral was laid in 1907 according to the design of architect A. E. Antonov from Moscow. By 1916, construction was mostly completed: the iconostasis and necessary utensils were ready, but heating was lacking. After the 1917 revolution, the building housed a garage and a shooting range. It is believed that the words of Blessed Praskovya Ivanova, spoken during the laying of the cathedral, foreshadowed these events: "The cathedral is a cathedral, but I noticed that bird cherry has grown in the corners of the cathedral, as if it might collapse." In 1991, the cathedral was handed over to the revived convent, and its restoration took several years.

Photographs of the destroyed Transfiguration Cathedral, as well as other churches of the convent, can be seen on the memorial plaque at the Nativity of Christ Church. The consecration of the main altar took place on September 3, 1998, 91 years after the start of construction, in honor of the Transfiguration of the Lord. On October 27, Metropolitan Nikolai consecrated the southern chapel in honor of the Holy Archangel Michael and all the Heavenly Hosts. Previously, one of the chapels of the now non-existent Tikhvin Church was also consecrated in his honor. The painting of the chapel was completed in 2005 under the guidance of Anatoly Belyaev.

The relics of the Venerable Martha of Diveevo rest in the cathedral, discovered after her canonization as a locally venerated saint on December 22, 2000. Her memory day is celebrated on September 3. Seraphim of Sarov said that Venerable Martha leads the Diveevo sisters in the Kingdom of Heaven.

The relics of Blessed Paraskeva are also kept in the cathedral, with her memory day observed on October 5. She is believed to have predicted the fall of the Romanov dynasty, the persecution of the Church, and "a sea of blood." In 2003, the graves of the cathedral's creator Fyodor Vasilyevich Dolgintsev and his wife Yekaterina Ivanovna were restored.

Traditionally, the main service is held in the cathedral on the Dormition of the Mother of God.