Currently, nothing in this massive and deeply set building reminds one of a Catholic church. Only the fence with its original lattice, installed in 1899, and the pseudo-Gothic elements on the wings indicate the age of the structure.

After the Patriotic War of 1812, the landowners became sisters Anna and Natalia Vasilyevna Petrovo-Solovovo. In 1839, their lands were purchased, and on September 16 of the same year, construction of a new church began. Golden and silver coins from 1839 were laid in the foundation during the ceremony. The architect of the cathedral was A.O. Zhilyardi, who also built another Catholic church in the same alley. Zhilyardi constructed the church in Gothic style with a dome at the center. The church had six altars, one of which, dedicated to St. Emilia, was created by architect M.D. Bykovsky in memory of his deceased wife. The consecration of the church took place in 1845.

From the time of its construction, the church was considered German, then Polish-German, and from the late 19th century, simply Polish.

Throughout its existence, the Church of Saints Peter and Paul engaged in charity: it housed the St. Philip's almshouse, a charitable society to help poor Catholics, a library, and organized charitable concerts. In the late 19th century, a girls' school opened in one of the church's buildings, and it now houses the Pushkin Lyceum. The church also had a "Polish House," which united not only Poles but also Lithuanian and Latvian Catholics and others.

The Church of Saints Peter and Paul was involved in divorce cases of Catholic families. Priests conducted reconciliation talks and clarified all circumstances to determine whether the spouses had violated church law and whether they were subject to church court.

The Catholic church was closed in 1937. The priests were sent to camps, where they perished. After the closure of the building, it was handed over to a cinema that never opened. During the Great Patriotic War, a bomb hit the former church, and the destruction was so extensive that the building was practically rebuilt, preserving only a few elements.

Since 1946 and to this day, the "Giprocoalmas" institute has been located here, which also reconstructed the building for its needs.