The Barnaul Women's Monastery in honor of the Kazan Icon of the Mother of God was founded with the blessing of Macarius of Nevsky. In August 1900, the community was transformed into a dormitory monastery, and nun Parfenia became the abbess. By the beginning of the 20th century, cell buildings, utility structures were built, and a school for girls was opened. On March 1, 1895, the home church in the name of St. Innocent of Irkutsk was consecrated, on July 8, 1899, the foundation was laid, and on October 1, 1904, the cathedral in honor of the Kazan Icon of the Mother of God was consecrated. On May 20, 1907, a prayer house in honor of the Vladimir Icon of the Mother of God was consecrated. By 1910, the monastery had become one of the largest monasteries in Siberia, housing 71 nuns and 81 novices, with three priests serving. The monastery had a church-parish school taught by the residents, as well as icon painting, painting, matrix, and gold embroidery workshops.

After 1917, residents from devastated monasteries in the Altai region moved to the monastery, increasing the number of sisters to 300. In 1920, the monastery was transformed into an agricultural Bogoroditskaya labor community, and in 1921 it was closed, with its property transferred to the provincial department of public education. The monastery buildings housed courses for red teachers, an agricultural technical school, three orphanages, and from 1925 to 1926, a prison was located on the monastery grounds.

The last abbess, Abbess Mariamna Frolova, was arrested in early 1921 as "one of the activists in preparing the kulak uprising in the village of Sorokino" and sentenced to execution, which was commuted to 10 years in prison. She was released in 1924 but was arrested again in 1925 for "hiding church valuables" and soon released. In 1938, the abbess was arrested for the third time, found guilty of "participating in a counter-revolutionary church-monarchist insurgent organization," and executed on March 11. Many sisters also faced repression.

From the monastery buildings, the chapel, the abbess's residence, the clergy house, the school, and the fortress wall have survived. By 2002, the remaining buildings were combined into the "Women's Monastery of the Kazan Mother of God" complex, which was granted the status of a regional architectural monument by a resolution of the Altai Regional Legislative Assembly on June 30, 1997. Currently, the monastery buildings house a pre-trial detention center. The transfer of the buildings to the church is being discussed, but so far without results.