The Kazan Women's Monastery in Kasimov was founded in 1627 by the elder Ustinya. It is known that she suffered from a leg illness for seven years. When hope for recovery faded, she dreamed of the Mother of God, who instructed her to go to Kazan for an icon, copied from the miraculous icon of the Kazan Mother of God. She was to find this icon with a merchant who traded flour. Following the instructions, Ustinya set off for Kazan with great difficulty. In the city, she found the merchant mentioned in her dream and discovered the cherished icon with him. The merchant had also been warned of her visit through a dream. Upon receiving the icon, Ustinya immediately felt healed and set off home. On the way, she visited the monastery of St. Macarius of Yellow Water and received his icon as a blessing. Upon returning to Kasimov, she placed both icons in the church of St. Paraskeva Friday and began the construction of a wooden church in honor of the Kazan icon of the Mother of God. The land for the construction was gifted by the Kasimov prince Seid-Burgan and his mother, Queen Fatima-Sultan-Seitovna. Thus, elder Ustinya founded a women's monastery near the new church.

Around 1653, the Kasimov tsar Seid-Burgan converted to Christianity and received the name Vasily. After becoming a Christian, he actively supported the monastery, providing it with everything necessary. His son, Prince Yakov Vasilyevich, especially patronized the monastery; he died young in 1677 and was buried in the Kazan Monastery. He was the only one of the baptized Kasimov princes buried in Kasimov, while the others, including Vasily, were buried in the Moscow Zlatoust Monastery. The tomb of Yakov Vasilyevich existed until the revolution.

During World War I, a hospital was located on the monastery grounds. After the revolution, a religious society was established at the Kazan church. In 1922, the vestment from the miraculous icon of the Kazan Mother of God was confiscated from the church. The icon, described in the clerical records of 1914, was adorned with amethysts and topazes and surrounded by scenes from the life of the Mother of God. Later, the icon was transferred to a museum.

In 1930, the religious society was liquidated, and on July 30 of the same year, the church was repurposed as a bakery. By the end of the 20th century, only a few buildings remained from the monastery, including three two-story stone buildings, remnants of a stone fence, and two corner towers.

In 2012, Bishop Dionysius of Kasimov and Sasov blessed the beginning of the revival of the Kazan Monastery in Kasimov.