The Kursk Sergiev-Kazansky Cathedral is an outstanding example of church architecture from the second half of the 18th century. Approaching Kursk from the south by train or from the east by road, one can see the blue domes of the cathedral adorned with golden stars on a high hill above the valley of the Tuskar River. This cathedral gives a unique character to the urban landscape, emphasizing its distinctiveness. The construction of the temple began in 1752.

The cathedral's chronicle states: "In the church records, it is indicated that the temple was laid in 1752, but there is no information on who exactly laid it; there are also no plans or facades of the temple." The chronicle also notes: "It is unknown how long ago, but before the construction of the current temple, there existed a church in the name of Sergius of Radonezh at this site. This is confirmed by a stone pillar with a cross located on the southern side of the cathedral, likely at the site of the altar of the previous church. Locals claim that the Sergiev Church was wooden and single-story and burned down during a fire."

After the fire, while clearing the site, the Kazan Icon of the Mother of God was found in the ashes, undamaged by the flames. This was considered a miracle, and it was decided to build a new two-story temple. The lower floor housed the church in the name of Sergius, while the upper floor was dedicated to the Kazan Icon. The faithful appealed to Bishop Joasaph of Belgorod and Oboyansk for a blessing to build. The bishop not only granted the blessing but also consecrated the site for the temple's foundation. This is confirmed by the holy antimins found on the altar of the lower church. Priest Lashchenkov writes: "Upon removing the altar in the name of Sergius, an antimins consecrated in 1752 by Bishop Joasaph was discovered."

In the "Description of the Kursk Governorate," it is stated: "The Church of Sergius, built through the efforts of merchant Karp Pervyshev, surpasses others in magnificence." In I. Lashchenkov's "Chronicle," it is noted that merchant Isidor Moshnin was Pervyshev's assistant. After his death in 1762, his duties were taken over by his wife Agafiya. The "Kursk Provincial Gazette" of 1907 mentions that Moshnin owned brick factories and was a contractor. In memory of the miraculous salvation of Prokhor Moshnin, an altar in the lower church was arranged in the name of Seraphim, and a canopy with an icon and lamp was installed at the site of his fall.

Keyholder I. Lashchenkov in the "Chronicle" (1896) mentions architect Rastrelli as a possible author of the cathedral's design, based on the words of Emperor Alexander Nikolaevich. However, the lists of Rastrelli's works found by Z. Batovsky do not confirm this. Until the true author's name is found, the cathedral is attributed to the "Rastrelli school."

Until 1830, the entrance to the upper church was via an external staircase. In 1830, a staircase in the Empire style was added according to architect Groznov's design, which worsened the view of the cathedral from the west. The consecration of the churches occurred at different times: the lower church was consecrated in 1762, and the upper one in 1778. The gap between the consecrations is associated with the making of the iconostasis, whose author is unknown.

In the mid-20th century, the churches were reconsecrated: the upper one in the name of Sergius, and the lower one in honor of the Kazan Icon. The iconostasis, about 20 meters high, impresses with its richness and elegance. It is divided into three tiers with ornamented columns and figures of angels. The cathedral has preserved ancient items, including an altar Gospel in a silver cover, printed during the reign of Peter the Great and Patriarch Adrian.