The Resurrection of Christ Cathedral in Mtsensk is located in the low-lying part of the city, on the banks of the Zushi River. It is one of the oldest churches in the territory of Novy Posad, which was situated across the river. The parish likely dates back to the 16th century. The first mention of the church appears in the land registry book of the city of Mtsensk from 1625, compiled by Vasily Vasilyevich Chernychev and scribe Osip Bogdanov. The book mentions two wooden churches: the Renewal of the Resurrection of Christ and Saints Florus and Laurus. They were located on Red Square, which was the administrative and commercial center of the settlement.

In 1690, a stone church was built in place of the wooden churches in honor of the Resurrection of Christ, with an altar dedicated to the Kazan Icon of the Mother of God. In the 18th century, the church became the main dominant feature of the square, where administrative buildings, a trading yard, salt and wine shops, warehouses, and a public school were located.

In 1802, a new, more spacious and majestic stone church with three altars was built to replace the old church, which could not accommodate all the parishioners: the main cold altar in honor of the Renewal of the Resurrection of Christ and two warm altars in honor of the Kazan Icon of the Most Holy Theotokos and Saints Florus and Laurus. The refectory and bell tower were added in the second quarter of the 19th century, and the facade decor was updated at that time.

The church was closed in the 1930s. The church lost its bell tower, upper tier, and was converted into a production facility. Currently, the building is in a neglected state.