Before the 1917 revolution, the cathedral was known as the Assumption Church 'Behind the Hill' and was adorned with blue domes.

The church is first mentioned in a description from 1685 as a wooden structure with six bells, located in the Yamskaya sloboda. In 1754, the construction of a stone church began, which was consecrated on May 4, 1762, as evidenced by the inscription on the altar of the main altar. The altar was painted in 1783. The chapels dedicated to Saint Nicholas the Wonderworker and the prophet Habakkuk were rebuilt in 1836 and 1844, respectively. The three-tiered bell tower was erected in 1799.

A pre-revolutionary description states: 'The church has five domes, four of which are located at the corners of the church, with semicircles protruding on three sides, each depicting a church icon (Assumption, Saint Nicholas, and the prophet Habakkuk). The domes are bulbous in shape; the fifth dome is larger than the others and is placed on a double tribune in the shape of an octagon, with the image of a saint on each face. The bell tower has a quadrangular shape with predominant angular elements. On the second tier, porticos protrude on each side, and Tuscan columns are installed in the formed corners. On the third tier, the columns are skillfully connected by the roof cut.'

Local historians noted that the interior of the church was splendid, decorated with fine paintings and rich iconostases. Two icons were especially venerated: that of the Holy Prophet Habakkuk with a heart-shaped pendant, gifted for healing. This icon was often approached in summer with infants, praying for healing from 'infantile diseases.' Attached to the church was a parish school for 50 students.

The church was closed in 1936 and converted into sewing workshops, which were burned during the retreat of the Soviet army in the Great Patriotic War.

In 1960, the church was recognized as a monument of architecture and urban planning of republican significance, and in 1968 it was restored, housing the Kaluga scientific and production restoration workshops.

On November 25, 1998, the Assumption Church was transferred to the Kaluga Diocese. During the years of Soviet power, the building suffered greatly: all five domes were demolished, distorting the church's appearance, and the interior was remodeled. The first stage of restoration involved dismantling internal partitions and cleaning the building.

Currently, the church has two side chapels dedicated to Saint Nicholas the Wonderworker and the Venerable Seraphim of Sarov. The restoration of the bell tower is ongoing, five domes of the central dome have been rebuilt, and external finishing is in progress.