The Church of Saints Cosmas and Damian in Starye Paney, belonging to the Iverian Deanery of the Moscow City Diocese of the Russian Orthodox Church, is located in Kitai-Gorod. The main altar is consecrated in honor of Saints Cosmas and Damian, while the chapel is dedicated to the Dormition of the Mother of God.

In the 16th-17th centuries, this area was known as "Starye Pany," where the Polish "Pan's Court" served as a trade and diplomatic representation of Poland in Moscow. The Pan's Court is mentioned in chronicles from 1508 in connection with a fire in Kitai-Gorod. The place was often referred to as "Pany." According to another version, the name is associated with the Embassy Order, known as the Pan's Order, since most ambassadors were from Poland.

Staropansky Lane was previously called Cosmodamian in honor of the church. The first wooden church of Cosmas and Damian was built in 1462 and is first mentioned in documents from 1468. In the 16th century, Moscow frequently suffered from fires, and one of them in 1564 destroyed the wooden church. After that, between 1566 and 1634, it was rebuilt in stone, adding a second level with the chapel of the Dormition of the Most Holy Theotokos. It was a two-light square with five domes. Services were held in the lower or upper altar, while parishioners were below.

In the 17th century, the church was referred to by its neighbors: "behind Stepanov's courtyard of Godunov," "behind the courtyard of boyar Mikhail Borisovich Shein," "behind the courtyard of the chamberlain Semyon Ivanovich Shein," or "in Paney." This century became a time of flourishing for the church: the main building and three chapels were built with the funds of benefactors. In the 18th century, the church experienced difficult times due to fire and neglect.

In 1803, thanks to the efforts of Archpriest Ivan Semyonovich Pakharsky, the church was completely rebuilt. A new foundation, walls, and roof were erected on the old site, and the chapel of the Dormition of the Most Holy Theotokos was restored. Only a small fragment of the apse from the 17th-century building has survived, discovered during restorations in 1926 and 1997-2005. The northern chapel from 1641 was not rebuilt but had its exterior appearance changed in the classical style, adding a portico. At that time, a bell tower was built from bricks remaining from the Church of the Myrrh-Bearing Women. During the Napoleonic invasion, the church was ravaged, and the bell tower was possibly destroyed, as a new, taller one was erected on its base in 1816.

In 1899, opposite the church, architect F.O. Shekhtel built an office building for the trading house "Arshinov and Co." After the church was closed in 1930, the building was used by various institutions. An inspection was conducted from 1992 to 1995, and restoration began from 1999 to 2001. The northern part of the church has already been restored. In 1995, the church was returned to the Russian Orthodox Church. In December of that year, the southern chapel was consecrated, and in November 2006, the northern one. The main shrine remains the cross with the relics of Cosmas and Damian, kept in a shrine on the icon of the Holy Trinity.

Regular services are held in the church.