The Elijah Cathedral was built in the 1760s-1770s. In pre-revolutionary times, it had a central altar in honor of the Entry of the Lord into Jerusalem and two chapels. Currently, the cathedral has one altar dedicated to the prophet Elijah. The church is designed in the Baroque style and features an "octagon on a square" structure, continuing on the eastern side with a polygonal altar apse, and on the western side, a refectory and bell tower. A two-story clergy house adjoins the church from the southwest.

Y.I. Uspensky noted in his essay "Old Voronezh" from 1922 that the Elijah Church is one of the most original structures of Voronezh Baroque, preserved almost in its original form. Like the Peter and Paul Church, it is built in the typical "octagon on a square" style, but with a more massive vault. The side semicircular pediment features two large windows with rich moldings. The octagon is topped with a Baroque-style roof and an eight-sided drum with a dome. The corners of the octagon are adorned with rusticated pilasters, and the large windows with wide moldings resemble those of the Peter and Paul Church. The pentagonal altar section and the cross-shaped plan with classical side extensions also remind one of the Peter and Paul Church. However, the bell tower, which is part of the church plan, is unique. It is low, with a tent-like top, and represents an octagon on a cube of the first floor. The facets of the octagon are decorated with paired columns and arches. The bell tower evokes associations with something distant and Russian, combining ancient Russian forms with Baroque.

Voronezh Baroque churches are considered monuments of Ukrainian Baroque in the Sloboda variant, which leans towards wooden Cossack architecture and three-headed structures. In the Elijah Cathedral, the hint of a three-headed structure is visible in the domes above the octagon, bell tower, and refectory. Previously, the altar apse was also topped with a dome. The high vault supporting the octagon is a striking feature of the church. In its semicircular side sections, there are windows with lush moldings. Although the bell tower of the Elijah Church is familiar in construction, it stands out with its Baroque decoration, especially the paired columns with arches. The windows of the octagon, according to Uspensky, resemble bats, while the wavy moldings harmonize with the rusticated corners.