The Temple of St. Sergius of Radonezh was founded in 1916 as part of the complex of the Sergiev Samara Explosives Factory in the village of Ivashchenkovo, which was renamed the city of Chapaevsk in 1929. During World War I, the factory became an important center for the production of military shells. The construction was overseen by Grand Duke Sergey Mikhailovich Romanov, who decided to name the factory after Sergius and dedicate the temple to his heavenly patron, St. Sergius of Radonezh.

The temple is considered an outstanding work by Samara architect D.A. Werner. For its facades, Werner used a variety of architectural elements: portal finishes with arches and "weights," lace belts, shaped niches with majolica inserts, friezes made of tiles with biblical scenes, carved half-columns, balusters, and kokoshniks. Services were held here until 1926, after which the destruction began. In the 1930s, the faces of saints on the facades were twice covered with cement, which helped preserve them. After the reconstruction, the building was used as a "House of Defense." During the war, it served as an ammunition depot and a vegetable storage facility, and anti-aircraft guns were installed in place of the bell tower. From 1952 to 1990, the Chapaevsk Pioneer House was located here.

In 1995, the Temple of St. Sergius of Radonezh was returned to the church. In 2001, the bell tower with a dome was restored, and icon painters from Syzran decorated the interior. Since 2003, restoration has been underway with budget funding, and the appearance of the temple is now almost in line with the original. Today, the Temple of St. Sergius of Radonezh has become the main symbol of the city of Chapaevsk.