On April 25, 1912, the Chekhov Room was opened at the Rumiantsev Museum library, becoming the first Chekhov museum in Moscow. For many years, scientific and exhibition work was carried out, and the collection was replenished, but there was no separate museum building in Moscow. In 1934, part of the collection was transferred to the funds of the State Museum of the History of Russian Literature named after V.I. Dal. In terms of size and significance, this museum's collection ranks second in the world after the collection of the A.P. Chekhov House Museum in Yalta. Since 1954, the department on Sadovaya-Kudrinskaya has been named the 'A.P. Chekhov House Museum.'

Anton Pavlovich Chekhov lived here for four years, from August 27, 1886, until his departure for Sakhalin. In this 'commode house,' the writer created over a hundred stories, the plays 'Ivanov,' 'The Wood Demon,' and other works, as well as receiving patients daily from 12:00 to 15:00. The Chekhov home often hosted guests, including notable writers, artists, musicians, and performers. In the museum, visitors can see original items belonging to Chekhov and his family: furniture, including a writing desk, rare photographs, theatrical posters, and lifetime editions of the writer's works. The interior of the house has been carefully restored based on drawings and memories from his brother and sister.

The museum hosts literary evenings, meetings with writers, classical music concerts, scientific sessions, performances by the museum's 'Chekhov Comedy Theater,' interactive activities for children, as well as lectures and tours for visitors of all ages.