The stone church on Eastern Street is hidden from view, surrounded by factory buildings. It seems remarkable that it has managed to survive.

A wooden church was first built on this site in 1370, around which the Simonov Monastery emerged. However, the monastery did not last long here, and in 1379 the monks moved to a new location slightly to the north, where the preserved buildings of the Simonov Monastery still stand today. The Church of the Nativity of the Virgin Mary, known as 'in Old Simonov', became a parish church. According to tradition, in 1380, the monks Peresvet and Oslyabya, participants in the Battle of Kulikovo, were buried here, recommended to Grand Duke Dmitry Donskoy by St. Sergius of Radonezh.

The modern building of the church consists of segments built at different times. It was previously believed that it was created by the Italian architect Alevis Novy, but this version is now in doubt. The oldest part, the eastern square, was built in 1510. Its upper part was rebuilt in the 17th century, but the foundation has been preserved. A ceramic frieze with a ledge separates the early part from the later one. The northern and southern facades are adorned with icon cases featuring icons of the Nativity of the Virgin Mary, while the walls are pierced with narrow windows. Portals decorated with stylized ears of wheat and bulging melons have been preserved here.

The refectory and bell tower remained wooden until 1785-1787, when they were replaced with stone. In 1849-1855, they were rebuilt along with the chapels of St. Nicholas the Wonderworker and St. Sergius of Radonezh. In the latter chapel, an iron tombstone with a wooden canopy was installed in 1870 in memory of Peresvet and Oslyabya.

In 1928, services ceased, and the church building was transferred to the Dynamo factory, which used it for production. The bell tower was destroyed, the tombstone sent for scrap, and the square became a compressor station, with new windows and doors cut into the walls. The building fell into a catastrophic state, and cultural figures repeatedly proposed its restoration. Only in 1987 did the factory leave the building, handing it over to the Historical Museum for an exhibition on the Battle of Kulikovo. In 1989, services resumed, and soon a restoration was carried out, returning the church to its early 20th-century appearance. In 2006, the bell tower was recreated. Today, the church is surrounded by the workshops of the Dynamo factory, and it is not visible from the street. Along the concrete fence leading to the church, fragments of tombstones from the destroyed cemetery of the Simonov Monastery are stacked.