In the 17th century, on the site of modern Chulkovo, in the village of Rozhdestvenskoye, there was the Nativity Church, but it is unknown whether it was wooden or stone. There are several versions regarding the construction of the current temple. According to one version, it was built by Nikita Demidov, suggesting that construction began no later than 1725. Another version claims it was built by Nikita's son, Akinfiy, in 1732, while a third speaks of donations from parishioners. The Chulkovo church was designed in the style of Peter's Baroque, but as a result of later reconstructions, this style has practically disappeared. The church building has been repeatedly updated and expanded. In 1764, 11 years after the relics of Saint Dmitry of Rostov were found, parishioners appealed to the Bishop of Kolomna and Kashira for permission to add a stone chapel in his honor. In the mid-19th century, this chapel gave its name to the entire church, and on the feast day of Dmitry of Rostov, a solemn procession was held from the Cathedral of the Assumption. In 1811, clergy and parishioners appealed to His Grace Ambrose with a request to build another chapel. In 1816, a new chapel in honor of the holy martyrs Boris and Gleb was consecrated, designed in the style of early classicism. In 1821, cracks were discovered in the altar of the chapel of Dmitry of Rostov, and it had to be dismantled and rebuilt under the guidance of gunsmith Ivan Timofeyevich Zaykov. In 1867, the bell tower was reconstructed and received an octagonal spire.

Among the icons of the church, an ancient image of the Nativity of Christ stood out, which, according to tradition, was local even in the wooden church. The Korsun Icon of the Mother of God and the icon of Saint Dmitry of Rostov were considered miraculous. To the west of the church is a small two-story brick house in the Russian style, where a parish school was opened in 1894. There is a legend associated with the Church of the Nativity about an underground passage that allegedly led from the Kremlin and allowed the associates of Ivan Bolotnikov to escape. The church was closed on April 3, 1940, by a decision of the executive committee of the Tula Regional Council of Workers' Deputies. This decision was supported by the Tula City Executive Committee and several local enterprises, as well as a meeting of housewives. The decision took into account the presence of another building for religious rites. The church building was used as a garage and storage, and later it housed a warehouse for the Tula Philharmonic. On December 11, 1991, the church building and the parish school were granted the status of a regional heritage site. In the summer of 2012, it was decided to transfer the church to the Tula Diocese. On August 6, a prayer service was held near the northern chapel in honor of Boris and Gleb, and on October 4, 2012, Metropolitan Alexy of Tula and Efremov conducted the first Divine Liturgy. Since then, services have been held regularly in the church. On December 17, 2019, a new spire was installed on the bell tower.