The village of Varvarino, first mentioned in documents from 1588, belonged to Ivan Bogdanovich Miloslavsky. On May 6, 1689, a decree was issued by the patriarch for the construction of a stone church in the village in honor of the Nativity of Christ, with an altar dedicated to the prophet Elijah, initiated by the village owner, the chamberlain Sergey Ivanovich Miloslavsky. By 1693, the church was completed: on November 14 of that year, two antimins were transferred to the newly built church and the altar of the prophet Elijah, accepted by priest Ioann. After the church was built, the village received a second name, Rozhdestvenskoye.

During Napoleon's invasion, the church was looted, and vessels and other utensils were stolen. As a result, it was consecrated anew on December 27, 1813.

In 1856, the parish included 99 households with a population of 398 men and 311 women. The clergy consisted of a priest, a deacon, and a sexton, who lived in wooden houses on church land.

In 1864, a northern altar was added to the church in honor of Prince Alexander Nevsky. Next to the church was a wooden watchman's hut built in 1910.

The brick building of the church is designed in the style of Moscow Baroque. To the uncolumned single-domed square, there adjoin: to the east, a rectangular apse, to the west, a refectory with two altars, and a three-tiered bell tower built in 1903. The altar apse is topped with a dome on a two-tiered pedestal.

The altars, built at different times, differ in size and layout. The southern altar has a semicircular altar completion, while the northern has a rectangular one. Both altars are covered with barrel vaults, while the refectory and the altar of the central part of the church have cross vaults with clear ribs.

The facades of the building are adorned with brick and white stone window frames with broken pediments and portal surrounds. On the facades were 15 large and 6 small icons, the latter likely in the drum of the central dome. Previously, four-pointed gilded metal crosses with scrolls and crescents were installed on the domes of the church, while above the northern altar and bell tower, eight-pointed crosses without decorations.

The church housed revered icons: the Smolensk and Tikhvin icons of the Mother of God, the icon of the martyr Daria, donated by the mother of the church's founder Daria Prokhorovna Miloslavskaya, and the prophet Elijah.

The six-tiered iconostasis of the Nativity altar was decorated with carved gilded columns, frames, and capitals. The royal doors were wooden, carved, gilded, with images of saints and embossing. The floor in the church was flagstone, while in the altars and refectory, it was made of white stone. The interior decoration was completely lost in the 20th century, and the painting did not survive.

On April 27, 1922, a seizure of church valuables took place in the church, the quantity and weight of which are unknown. The church contained silver crowns for icons and a censer from 1786.

In 1923, believers submitted an application for the registration of a religious community, which was likely registered, as services were held until 1938, when the last rector, priest Alexander Minervin, was arrested. He was sentenced to execution at the Butovo firing range, and in 2000 he was canonized as part of the Council of New Martyrs and Confessors of Russia.

In 1938, the church was closed, and its building was used as a storage facility for a pioneer camp.

In 1992, the church was returned to the believers, and services resumed.

Due to improper use of the building during the Soviet era, the church required restoration. By 2012, work had been done on plastering, conservation from destruction, installation of new crosses, creation of a new five-tiered iconostasis, and a set of bells, the largest of which weighs 3000 kg. The bell tower was also restored. In 2016 and 2017, the original appearance of the interiors was partially restored, the domes and crosses were renovated, gilding of the domes was carried out, window and door fillings were recreated, and the white stone base was restored.

In 2017, the church became a laureate of the "Moscow Restoration" competition in the nomination "Best Organization of Repair and Restoration Works."