In 1859, at the intersection of modern M. Gorky and Bolshaya Gornaya streets, a wooden three-altar church was built thanks to the efforts of Saratov merchant Voronov. The main altar was consecrated in honor of the Protection of the Holy Virgin, while the side altars were dedicated to the Apostle and Evangelist John the Theologian, the Prophet Elijah, as well as Saint John the Baptist, Martyr Natalia, and Venerable Martyr Theodosia. However, the building turned out to be cold and could not accommodate all the parishioners.

In the mid-1870s, architect A. M. Salko developed a project for a new stone church with five domes. The project was approved in 1876, and the funds for construction were mainly provided by local merchants and townspeople, who also donated materials and icons. The construction was completed in 1882, and the interior finishing continued for another two years.

The consecration of the new church took place on January 20, 1885. Unlike the previous church, the side altars of the new church were dedicated to the Kazan Icon of the Mother of God and the Holy Life-Giving Trinity.

In 1893, a Sunday school opened at the church, as well as a parish school located on the second floor of a large stone building, which is now Secondary School No. 30. Women's Protection needlework classes were also held here. The lower floor housed the city almshouse. The church owned three more buildings for clergy, a farm 15 versts from Saratov, and a hamlet with 12 houses and 108 residents.

In 1895, a five-tier bell tower was built, in which a side altar in honor of the Iveron Icon of the Mother of God was established on May 28, 1902.

With the arrival of the new authorities, by 1918, all church property, including houses for the clergy and the farm, was nationalized. In the 1920s, the church remained under the jurisdiction of the Orthodox Church and did not transition to the Renovationists.

On December 19, 1929, the church was closed, and its building was repurposed as a dormitory for the Planned Economic Institute. A kindergarten was placed in the bell tower.

In 1931, the church's domes were dismantled, and the bell tower was blown up. An attempt to blow up the church itself was unsuccessful. The interior of the building underwent repairs, resulting in the loss of wall paintings. Since the 1970s, the former church housed workshops for Saratov artists.

In January 1992, the dilapidated building was handed over to the Saratov Diocese.

On February 1, 1992, the restoration of the church began with the efforts of parishioners. Under the guidance of Archpriest Vasily Strelkov, the domes were restored, and the previous appearance was returned.

The first liturgy took place on April 18, 1992, in the partially renovated left altar. For it, Archbishop Pimen Khmelevsky signed the antimension in honor of the Kazan Icon of the Mother of God.

A temporary bell tower was placed in the drum of the northwest dome.

From September 1997, work began on restoring the central altar and floors.

In March 1999, iconostases were installed in the right and left altars.

On October 14, 2000, the rector of the church, Archpriest Vasily Antipov, performed the Rite of Placement of the Holy Antimension over the main altar.

On November 10, 2001, he also performed the Rite of Placement of the Holy Antimension over the altar of the left side altar, consecrated in honor of the Righteous John of Kronstadt.

On December 18, 2004, Bishop Longin Korchagin of Saratov signed the antimension for the right altar, consecrated in honor of the Iveron Icon of the Mother of God. The Rite of Placement of the Holy Antimension was performed on January 4, 2005, by Archpriest Vasily Antipov.

The bell tower was restored on its historical site by 2004 according to the project of architects A. V. Shitov and D. V. Golubinov. On November 28, 2004, a dome and spire were installed on the 44-meter bell tower. The total height of the bell tower with the spire is 66 meters. Since May 2010, a church shop "Pokrovskaya Kniga" has been operating in the bell tower.

In 2007, a new reconstruction of the church began, including the replacement of all five domes, complete interior painting, and facade finishing in new burgundy tones.