The first residents of the Shaitan factory were Old Believers who fled from the central provinces of Russia, as noted by A.A. Toporkov. This statement is beyond doubt. For the construction of the factory in Shaitan-log, the Demidov overseers recruited people from Moscow and Nizhny Novgorod villages. At that time, Old Believers faced pressure: they were persecuted and subjected to double taxation. To escape these oppressions and persecutions from the church, peasants willingly went to work at N.N. Demidov's factories.

Old Believers, or schismatics, refused to accept the church reforms of Patriarch Nikon in the mid-17th century. Their communities emerged in Pomorye, the Baltic, Poland, the Don region, as well as in the Urals and Siberia. By the early 18th century, a major center became Kirzhentsy in the Nizhny Novgorod region. From there, after mass repressions in the early 1720s, peasants migrated in thousands to the Urals.

At the Shaitan factory, the Old Believer Avdi Nabotov was actively involved, which caused discontent among the Orthodox. When the overseer from the Serginsky factories, Pyotr Petrov-Bolshoy Blinov, arrived in Shaitan, workers began to complain about Nabotov, who bribed the Old Believers. To strengthen Orthodoxy, Blinov appealed to Metropolitan Antoniy for permission to build a church at the Shaitan factory. The Demidovs committed to constructing the church at their own expense.

The spiritual administration sent protopope Vasiliy Kalinovskiy to the Shaitan factory, who laid the foundation for the first wooden church on August 28, 1748. It was built within a year and was located on the left bank of the factory pond. The church had a carved iconostasis and five bells. Yevdokim Demidov ensured the maintenance of the clergy.

Initially, the services were conducted by priest Alexey Ivanov, and then in 1752, Yermila Lavrentyev was appointed. Soon he was replaced by Pavel Agafonov, who fought against Nabotov. With the construction of the church, Old Believers began to convert to Orthodoxy, but Nabotov helped them hide in other villages.

In December 1752, Pavel Agafonov was appointed priest of the St. Peter and Paul Church, while Yermila Lavrentyev was transferred to the Verkhneserginsky factory. Agafonov served until 1762, after which Fyodor Komarov took over. Komarov faced opposition from Nabotov and was beaten. In 1763, he was accused of deceiving parishioners, but the consistory found him innocent and transferred him to Yekaterinburg.

In 1764, Pavel Agafonov returned to Shaitan, but in 1774, he found himself in a difficult situation due to the peasant war led by Emelyan Pugachev. In January 1774, a detachment of Ivan Beloborodov arrived at the Shaitan factory, and Agafonov welcomed them. However, in February, the detachment was defeated, and Agafonov was removed from service.

After Agafonov's arrest, Shaitan remained without a priest until 1776, when Ioann Alexeyev arrived. He served until 1787, after which he was sent to the Verkhoturye Monastery. In 1790, Ioann Sapozhnikov arrived in Shaitan, and from 1807 to 1815, Alexey Osipov served.

After the departure of the Pugachevites, the church fell into decline, but the elder Alexey Popov took care of its preservation. From 1816 to 1829, the church was managed by Mikhail Alexeyev. In 1820, a fire destroyed the wooden church, but with the help of the factory owner Yartsev, a new stone church was built.

The church was consecrated in 1822 and had three altars. By the end of the 19th century, it housed unique antique items. In 1922, during the confiscation of church valuables, 23 kilograms of silver were seized from the St. Peter and Paul Church. In 1930, the church was closed and then demolished. The building was repurposed into a cafeteria, cinema, and museum.