Little reliable information has survived about the Church of Peter and Paul in Chyorny Yar. It is believed to have been built in the late 17th or early 18th century. The town of Chyorny Yar is mentioned in travelers' records since 1600. It was located on the banks of the Volga, 208 versts north of Astrakhan and 158 versts south of Tsaritsyn, and was part of a system of southern fortresses protecting the Volga trade routes and caravans traveling from East to West. Due to bank collapses and fires, the town was relocated several times by half a verst.

For a long time, Chyorny Yar was the southernmost outpost not only of the Astrakhan province but of all Rus, defending the outskirts from raids by Tatar cavalry, Kalmyks, and Cossack gangs. Along with a wooden fortress, the first church of the Resurrection of Christ was built here, with side chapels in honor of the Kazan Mother of God and Saint Nicholas the Wonderworker. This church burned down in 1654, was rebuilt in a new location, but was completely destroyed in the fire of 1741.

This church is associated with the glorification of the locally revered saint, the venerable youth, schema-monk Bogolep, the son of the voivode Yakov Lukich Ushakov, who took monastic vows at the age of seven just days before his death in 1654. His grave was located near the church, and a chapel was erected over it, which was demolished by order of Peter I.

Thanks to a local merchant, a second church of the Resurrection of the Lord was built. The left chapel was consecrated in the name of Saint Martyr John the Warrior, and the right, in honor of Saint Nicholas the Wonderworker, Archbishop of Myra in Lycia.

This church is notable for the fact that the chapel of Saint Martyr John the Warrior was built and consecrated first in 1741 directly over the grave of Saint Bogolep. The saint performed many miracles. Although veneration of him is widespread in the Chyorny Yar and Yenotayevsky districts, his icons can be found in many churches in the region, and in some he is depicted not as a child but as a youth. The church itself was consecrated only in 1750. However, it did not survive to this day, as it was located on the banks of the Volga and collapsed into the eroded ravine.

The cemetery church in honor of the Holy Apostles Peter and Paul is interesting in that its floor is made of cast iron, which may have saved the church, preserving it to our time.

The church was moved from its previous location on the riverbank to a safe place, where it remains today.