The history of the Don Church is closely intertwined with the history of the Astrakhan Cossack Army and the Kazachebugorinskaya stanitsa. Don Cossacks appeared in Astrakhan in 1737, settling in the city and forming a three-hundred-strong team. In 1748, due to overcrowding, their homes were demolished, and the Cossacks moved outside the city to a hill by the Lukovka River, founding a stanitsa that was initially called Donskaya and later Kazachebugorinskaya. The final relocation was completed in 1750. The Cossacks of this stanitsa served as postmen, delivering mail from Astrakhan to Tsaritsyn and royal decrees to the North Caucasus. That same year, the three-hundred team was transformed into the Astrakhan Cossack Regiment, which in 1804 became the basis for the formation of the Astrakhan Cossack Army.

Initially, the residents of the stanitsa were attached to the Pokrov-Boldinsky Monastery, located on the opposite bank of the Kazachiy Yerek River. However, the Cossacks sought to have their own church, and in 1757 Colonel Andrey Slobodchikov petitioned for the consecration of a new wooden church in the name of the Don Mother of God. The church was consecrated on August 19, 1757. The name of the temple is associated with an ancient and revered copy of the Don Mother of God icon, brought by the Cossacks from the Don.

The main shrine of the church was the Don Mother of God icon, located in the central iconostasis. On the feast day of August 19, many people gathered for a prayer service before this icon. Next to the church was a church cemetery, where the benefactor M.M. Bashkin was buried and a monument to Ataman I.I. Livenstern was erected.

In the Don Church, there was a custom of a procession around the stanitsa on the second day of Easter, borrowed from the Pokrov-Boldinsky Monastery. After the 1917 revolution, the church remained in the hands of the Orthodox community, despite attempts by renovators to seize it. Priests Fr. Grigory Taptykov and Fr. Grigory Ivanov served here. In 1937-1938, when arrests of clergy began, Fr. Grigory Ivanov retired, while Fr. Grigory Taptykov continued to serve. After his death in 1939, the authorities closed the church and turned it into a locksmith workshop, and soon the church was demolished.