Nikolai Mikhailovich Chernyshov (1885, village of Nikolskoye, Tambov province, 1973, Moscow) was a Russian and Soviet artist and art historian, as well as a participant in the group "Makovets." In 1970, he was awarded the title of People's Artist of the RSFSR.

Chernyshov studied under V. A. Serov and gained fame in 1915 for his illustrations for the "Mythological Alphabet." In the 1920s, as part of the "Makovets" group, he became fascinated with monumental painting and devoted much attention to the study of ancient Russian frescoes. He authored works such as "The Technique of Wall Paintings" (1930) and "The Art of Fresco in Ancient Russia" (1954).

Chernyshov taught at institutions such as VKhUTEMAS, VKhUTEIN, and the Leningrad Institute of Proletarian Fine Arts. Among his students at the workshop of the V. I. Surikov Moscow State Academic Art Institute was the illustrator Nika Golts. In 1949, during the campaign against cosmopolitanism, he was dismissed along with other teachers from the institute.

In the 1950s, Chernyshov actively engaged in mosaic work and contributed to the revival of interest in this art form in the USSR.