The Streltsy chapel is the oldest brick building in Kozmodemyansk. It was erected by local streltsy in honor of their participation in Peter I's Azov campaigns. While under Azov, 240 streltsy promised that if they defeated the enemy, captured Azov, and returned home alive, they would build a chapel in memory of this event. Upon returning from the campaign, they approached the tsar with a request to allow the construction. On December 3, 1697, Peter I issued a decree to boyar Andrey Alekseevich Nemkov-Pleshcheev and clerk Dmitry Ivanov, permitting the construction of the chapel. The decree mentions only Petrushka Sapozhnikov and Luka Yelin.

The chapel was built in 1697-1698 and was affiliated with the Spaso-Yunginsky Monastery. After the monastery was abolished in 1767, it was transferred to the Trinity Church. The building is a single-story rectangular structure made of local burnt brick, with a basement and vaulted ceilings. The entrance is adorned with an arch, half-columns, and a wrought iron door. The window on the northern side has a brick frame, while the basement window with a grille faces south. The walls of the chapel were painted with images of saints, and the dome was decorated with winged angels.

Among the icons in the chapel was an icon of the Not Made by Hands Savior in a silver-plated robe with an inscription in Slavic cursive. According to tradition, the icon was painted by the iconographer Grigory Chyorny. The chapel also housed icons of John the Baptist and John the Warrior, placed in a triptych and covered with leather. Before the revolution, there was an ancient two-tiered copper chandelier with a double-headed eagle from the 17th century, a fragment of which is kept in the local museum. Local residents, especially burlaks and river workers, revered these images and held prayers before setting off on their journeys.

During the Soviet era, the chapel was converted into a kerosene shop and later abandoned. In 1980, during an inspection of the dome space, remnants of an octagonal base for a tent roof were discovered. Researchers believe that the original roof of the chapel was a stone tent with a cupola. In the 19th century, a dome-shaped roof was installed, and in 1984, it was replaced with a tent roof covered with galvanized iron sheets. In the early 1990s, a wooden carved porch was added, which did not correspond to the original appearance of the chapel.

The last restoration took place in 2003, during which the facade was updated, the roof was painted green, and the dome and cross were gilded. The porch received stone steps and wrought iron railings. The entrance to the basement was also restored. However, the original wall and ceiling paintings have still not been restored. Currently, the building is vacant and not used for its intended purpose.