The monastery was founded in 1714 with the blessing of Metropolitan Tikhon Voionov of Kazan at the site where peasant Tikhon found the Kazan icon of the Mother of God by a spring. In 1709, on the mountain near the spring, local landowner Lieutenant Colonel Ivan Petrovich Obukhov, along with other landowners such as L.T. Aristov and S.P. Rebrovsky, built a wooden chapel. In 1711, I.P. Obukhov began the construction of a wooden church with the main altar in honor of the Kazan icon of the Mother of God and a chapel dedicated to Saint Tikhon of Amathus. The archive of the Holy Synod contains a report from Metropolitan Tikhon stating that in the Syzran district, the Zhadov desert began to be built in 1711 at the request of Ivan Petrovich Obukhov on his land. A church was built there, an abbot was appointed, and a community was formed.

The first abbot was Father Michael from the Syzran Ascension Monastery. The church was consecrated in 1714, and this year is considered the year of the monastery's foundation. Since 1733, the Kazan summer fair has been mentioned, held at the walls of the monastery in honor of the Kazan icon of the Mother of God. The monastery organized trading places and shops rented to merchants and peasants, which became one of the main sources of income. By the late 1730s, the monastery had a wooden church, an abbot's residence, eleven brotherly cells, a bakery, a granary, and a stable. The territory was surrounded by a wooden fence 67 fathoms long.

After the 1917 revolution, nationalization affected the monastery's lands as well. According to the 1917 inventories, the monastery owned a water mill, about 1700 hectares of land, and 250 hectares of forest. Nearby was a large garden and three fish ponds. By early 1918, the monastery retained only a small plot of 72 desyatins, but the new authorities decided to expropriate it as well. Archimandrite Callist Pavlov appealed to keep this plot for the monastery.

On March 6, 1919, the Karсун district council decided to liquidate the Zhadov desert, but in fact, the monastery remained, becoming the parish church of the village of Zhadovka. In the 1920s, valuables were confiscated from the monastery, buildings were nationalized, the church by the spring and other churches were closed. A school for collective farm youth was established on the territory of the former monastery. Monks lived in a small house next to the church, and the stone fence was dismantled for bricks.

In the spring of 1930, the last inhabitants of the monastery, led by Archimandrite Callist Pavlov, were arrested. In 1967, the Kazan church was destroyed.

In September 1994, Bishop Prokl Khazov of Simbirsk appealed to Patriarch Alexy II to revive the monastery. He wrote that three sides of the brick fence, three towers, and three stone buildings remained partially destroyed. Until 1993, a vocational school was located there, but the buildings were deteriorating. The regional administration decided to return the former Zhadov desert to the Church.

On October 5, 1994, Patriarch Alexy II and the Holy Synod blessed the opening of the Zhadovsky Kazan Mother of God Men's Monastery. In 1996, the ruins were transferred to the Simbirsk diocese. The first abbot was Hieromonk Agafangel Semyonov, and restoration work began. By the 300th anniversary, the monastery became one of the main pilgrimage sites in the Volga region.