The church was founded in 1684 on the site of the burned wooden Trinity church. Funds for its construction were collected from all over, but they were not enough to complete it. The townspeople decided to appeal to the rulers for help. In 1688, by the decree of John and Peter Alexeyevich and Tsarevna Sophia Alexeyevna, 200 rubles were allocated from the treasury, taken from the customs and tavern revenues of Usolye. This significant sum allowed the construction to be completed and the church to be adorned. In 1697, the Trinity Cathedral was consecrated.

In memory of the royal donation, a tile with the image of the double-headed eagle was inserted into the southern wall of the church, and later an imperial crown was laid out in bricks on the western facade. Now only the crown remains, as the tile was destroyed in 1918 as a symbol of royal power.

The architecture of the church has almost completely survived, except for one of the porches. There were previously three, but now only a door remains in place of the southern porch. All other elements, such as the intricately crafted brick details of wooden structures, beetle ornamentation, hanging weights, and glazed tiles, can still be seen today. The interior decoration of the church, including the iconostases and wall paintings, has not survived, with only photographs from 1911 remaining.

With the advent of Soviet power, the church was closed, but it was saved from destruction by being transferred to a museum. In 1929, the local history society in Solikamsk created a museum, and after an appeal to the district executive committee, it received the Trinity Cathedral for exhibitions. A year later, the museum was already showcasing the history of the city for its 500th anniversary.

During the Great Patriotic War, evacuated valuables from the museums of Moscow, Leningrad, and southern cities of Russia were stored in the Trinity Cathedral. They were hidden in boxes, carefully closed and numbered. No one in Solikamsk knew that treasures of the Russian Museum, watercolors by Lermontov, and theatrical valuables from the Bakhrushin Museum were nearby. All of this was concealed by the walls of the cathedral.