The Cathedral Church of the Holy Trinity was solemnly laid on August 30 (September 11) 1860 as part of the construction of Russian buildings on lands acquired by the Palestinian Committee at Meydam Square in Jerusalem. The laying of the temple was conducted by the first epitrop of the Jerusalem Patriarch, Metropolitan Meletius of Petra, and the head of the Mission, Bishop Cyril (Naumov), with the participation of Russian and Greek clergy.

The project was developed by Russian architect Martin Eppinger. Initially, it was planned to consecrate the temple in honor of Saint Alexander Nevsky, the patron saint of Alexander II, but it was later decided to dedicate it to the Holy Trinity.

The construction of the Trinity Cathedral was completed in 1863, but the consecration took place only on October 27 (November 8) 1872. The service was led by Jerusalem Patriarch Cyril II, with the participation of four hierarchs of the Jerusalem Orthodox Church and the head of the Mission, Archimandrite Antonin (Kapustin). In December of the same year, a bell was raised to the belfry. Services in the cathedral were held daily.

In 1895 and 1897, repairs were carried out in the cathedral. The roof and pavement were repaired, and the glue paint was scraped off the walls and columns, after which the interior was painted white three times. The cathedral was then decorated with sacred images, and a covered emergency exit was made from the altar.

During the British Mandate, the Trinity Cathedral remained active and was under the jurisdiction of the Russian Orthodox Church Abroad. During the First Arab-Israeli War, the temple was severely damaged. Since 1948, it has been under the jurisdiction of the Russian Orthodox Church.

The cathedral is a white-stone five-domed temple in the Neo-Byzantine style. The carved iconostasis, made in 1869 in St. Petersburg by N. A. Leontiev, received a silver medal at the All-Russian Manufactory Exhibition of 1870. The gilded royal gates, donated by Grand Duke Konstantin Nikolaevich, the chairman of the Palestinian Committee, adorn the cathedral.