The first wooden church dedicated to St. Nicholas was built in Bobruisk in 1600. Initially, it belonged to the Uniate Church, but in 1798 it was returned to Orthodoxy and received cathedral status. In 1812, the construction of the Bobruisk Fortress began, and local residents moved to the Parichy suburb, where the church was relocated.

In 1829, there was a new relocation of residents to the Minsk suburb, where a new wooden St. Nicholas Church was built in 1835. By 1880, the Nicholas parish covered the entire population of Bobruisk, including nearby hamlets and villages, totaling 4,124 parishioners.

From 1892 to 1894, a new stone cathedral was erected in the center of Bobruisk with funds from the treasury and donations from citizens, consecrated in honor of St. Nicholas the Wonderworker. The parish included 11 villages adjacent to the city. By the early 19th century, the number of parishioners reached about 7,000. The St. Nicholas Cathedral owned church land, including 2 dessiatinas of garden land, 37 dessiatinas of arable land, and 33 dessiatinas of haymaking land. The parish included a church in the hamlet of Luki, a church at the local cemetery, and a church in the Berezina suburb, which used materials from the former wooden Nicholas Church. Several Sunday schools operated, including the cathedral school.

During the Bolshevik period, the St. Nicholas Cathedral in Bobruisk was closed, and in 1922 all church valuables were confiscated. The church resumed operations in 1941 with the onset of war. During the occupation, a German hospital was located near the church, and a necropolis was organized on the cathedral grounds for the burial of deceased soldiers and officers. In 2014, the remains of German servicemen were exhumed and reburied in another cemetery. In 1964, the cathedral was closed, and all cult items were transferred to the Nicholas-Sophia Church, where the parish community also moved. The cathedral building was converted into a youth swimming pool.

In 2003, the cathedral building was returned to the Orthodox Church, and restoration began. In 2007, the updated and restored church was consecrated anew. The six-domed building has two altars and is designed in the neo-Russian style, with a bell tower height of 32 meters. The walls of the cathedral are plastered, and traditional architectural decorative elements such as crenellated friezes and arched window openings were used in the exterior finish. Initially, the walls of the cathedral were pink. The church has a Sunday school, a library, a treasury, and provides assistance to the disabled and lonely pensioners.