The Resurrection Military Cathedral became the first brick building in Omsk. Its construction was authorized by the Tobolsk Spiritual Consistory on April 18, 1769, and was completed in 1775.

The laying of the church took place on the day of the Resurrection of Christ in 1769, which became the cathedral's patronal feast. The construction was carried out by brothers Kozma and Ivan Cherepanov from Tobolsk. The church emphasized the significance of the Omsk fortress as a center of Christian culture. On September 21, 1773, the altar was consecrated in the new church in honor of St. Sergius of Radonezh the Miracle Worker, and on September 29, the main altar in honor of St. Catherine the Great Martyr, the patroness of the Empress.

The cathedral served as a cultural and educational center in Omsk. It housed the largest church library in the city, which had 1,875 volumes in 1908. During the Soviet era, services ceased, and in the 1920s, the building was handed over to the Omsk Komsomol for use as a club. In 1958, the Resurrection Cathedral was dismantled.

Restoration began in February 2016 and was completed in December of the same year.