Since the late 16th century, the name "Mamadysh" has been mentioned in written sources. One document states that in 1605, Bogdan Terekhov, son of Onuchin, arrived at the wasteland of Mamadysh, brought local residents with him, and separated the old settlers, transferring the lands to the ownership of Archimandrite Sergius and the brotherhood of the monastery. This indicates that at the beginning of the 17th century, the indigenous population of Mamadysh was evicted, and the lands were transferred to the Sviyazhsk Mother of God Monastery, where the new inhabitants became monastery peasants. On July 3, 1613, a charter was signed to establish the monastery village of Troitskoye-Mamadysh on the site of the old wasteland, which became part of the Kazan Voivodeship and later the center of the Mamadysh district in the Kazan province. Although the name Troitskoye appeared in 1613, there was still no information about an Orthodox institution in Mamadysh at that time.

By the decree of Catherine II on September 28, 1781, the village of Mamadysh became the district town of the Kazan governorate, and from 1796, the Kazan province. In 1781, by the order of Metropolitan Benjamin, the construction of the Trinity Cathedral began in Mamadysh on Bolshaya Kazanskaya Street, which was soon renamed Trinity Street. This was the main trading street of the city, where fairs were held annually from July 7 to 10.

The brick three-altar church was built with the funds of parishioners. The main altar was dedicated to the Life-Giving Trinity, and the refectory housed two chapels in honor of St. Nicholas the Wonderworker and the Kazan Icon of the Mother of God. The church had an octagon on a square base with a large apse and a tented bell tower equal in height to the main dome. The cathedral was designed in the Baroque style. In 1811, a chapel was built next to the cathedral, to which until 1917 was attached the spring "Holy Chalice," now belonging to the church of St. Xenia of Rome.

During the period of the struggle against religion, the Trinity church did not escape destruction. In March 1919, Priest Pavel Mikhailovich Mikhailov was drowned in the Vyatka River, and former priest Alexander Miropolsky was shot. The cathedral stood until 1933, after which it was destroyed. The street on which it was located was renamed "Freedom" in 1917, and from 1918 has been called Soviet.

The question of building a new church in Mamadysh was raised in the 2000s. At the initiative of local authorities and the head of the administration, Anatoly Ivanov, a site for the new church was chosen in the historical center of the city on Mount Pozharka, near the site of the Trinity Cathedral destroyed in the 1930s. The recreated church is also dedicated to the Life-Giving Trinity. In June 2018, the site for construction was consecrated. The new church is being built using ancient technology and will reach a height of 33 meters, becoming the tallest building in the city. At the end of October 2019, the consecration and installation of domes on the building cathedral took place.