The Trinity Cathedral in Krasnoslobodsk is one of the first church buildings in the city and a monument of architecture from the 18th-19th centuries. The first mentions of services at this site date back to 1620. The priest and local historian of the 19th century, N. Sokolov, claimed that the cathedral was built simultaneously with the city fortress and was erected in the early 17th century. Local historian I. Belyaev also refers to the "Clerical Book" of Fyodor Maly, confirming that the Trinity Church was built between 1613 and 1614. Initially, the cathedral was wooden, and between 1655 and 1682, the Ilyinsky Church appeared nearby, serving as a warm church. In 1763, by decree of the Tambov Spiritual Consistory, the Ilyinsky Church was separated from the cathedral and became an independent parish. Later, it was moved out of the fortress and transformed into the Annunciation Church.

In 1765, a new wooden church was built on the site of the Ilyinsky Church in honor of the Mother of God, the Life-Giving Spring. By the end of the 18th century, three wooden churches stood in the main square of the city: the Trinity, Ilyinsky, and Life-Giving Spring churches. Between 1778 and 1781, a brick cathedral was built with the support of merchant A.T. Milyakov. In 1780, Milyakov completed the construction of the cathedral, which was erected 10 fathoms away from the previous churches. The wooden churches were dismantled in the 1790s, and their materials were used elsewhere.

The cathedral built by Milyakov lasted about 80 years, undergoing reconstructions and changes after the fire of 1817. In 1829, two chapels were abolished, and the cathedral was expanded. By 1862, the cathedral needed repairs, and an estimate of 12,183 rubles was drawn up. The reconstruction was completed in 1866, and in 1875, the bell tower was updated. In 1881, a bell weighing 500 poods was cast. It is known that architect Yeletskiy participated in the reconstruction of the cathedral.

By the end of the 19th century, the Trinity Cathedral was a stone building 20 fathoms long and 12 fathoms wide, built in the shape of a Greek cross. The building was one-story with five domes and a tall bell tower. The Milyakov family also built other stone churches in the city, such as the Pokrovskaya, Annunciation, and Smolensk churches.

After the 1917 revolution, all churches in the city were closed. In 1935, a directive was received to destroy all churches in Krasnoslobodsk. From 1936 to 1939, the churches were subjected to looting and destruction. The Trinity Cathedral was adapted for industrial production, becoming part of the Krasnoslobodsk district industrial complex. In 1951, the cathedral building was converted for a carpentry workshop. The frescoes of the cathedral were painted over, and currently, the cathedral is used as a workshop for a spinning and weaving factory.